Seite - 233 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

9 The ImpactsofClimateChangeonEcosystemServices… 233 be improved, includinghownon-economic losses anddamages associatedwith the lossofecosystemservicescanbebetteraddressed.This includesgatheringevidence on the potential for, and the limits to, ecosystem-based adaptation in a number of areas. Examples may include the ability of intact mangrove ecosystems to limit coastal erosion from sea level rise and storm surge, the potential for wetlands to reduce flood damage by absorbing runoff fromheavy rainfall and releasingwater gradually, or the potential and the limits for greening urban areas to reduce heat stressandconsequent remediationofhealth risks. In suchevaluationsofadaptation and riskmanagement efforts, it is of paramount importance to include the views ofbeneficiaries, particularlywhen the intendedproject beneficiaries arevulnerable peoplewith limitedpolitical capital (seealsoPouwetal. 2017). Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of Tricia Chai- Onn, Alphonse Pinto, and Sylwia Trzaska at CIESIN, and Alessandra Giannini at the Interna- tional Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), Columbia University. The Division of EarlyWarning andAssessment (DEWA), sub-programSP-7, of theUnitedNationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP) generously provided the funding for the report (UNEP2016) onwhich this chapter isbased.The report benefited frominputs and reviewsbyRyanAlaniz,StephanieAndrei, BarneyDickson, Adrian Fenton, Ebinezer Florano, KashmalaKakakhel, AndrewKruczkiewicz, PeterMcDonald,CatherineMcMullen, Sebastian d’Oleire-Oltmanns, JanakPathak,MarcoPoet- sch,HannahReid,AlexandraRüth,PinyaSarasas,OliviaSerdeczny,SylwiaTrzaska,KokoWarner andDavidWrathall. References Agard J, Schipper L, Birkmann J, CamposM,DubeuxC,Nojiri Y,OlssonL,Osman-ElashaB, PellingM,PratherM,Rivera-FerreM,RuppelOC,SallengerA,SmithK,St.ClairA(2014)WGII AR5glossary. In:Field et al (eds)Climate change2014: impacts, adaptation, andvulnerability. PartA:globalandsectoralaspects.ContributionofworkinggroupIItothefifthassessmentreport of the intergovernmental panelonclimatechange.CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridgeand NewYork Ayeb-KarlssonS,vanderGeestK,AhmedI,HuqS,WarnerK(2016)Apeople-centredperspective on climate change, environmental stress, and livelihood resilience in Bangladesh. Sustain Sci 11(4):679–694 BangashRF,PassuelloA, Sanchez-CanalesM,TerradoM,LópezA,ElorzaFJ, ZivG,AcunaV, SchuhmacherM(2013)Ecosystemservices inMediterraneanriverbasin:climatechangeimpact onwaterprovisioninganderosioncontrol.SciTotalEnviron458:246–255 BouwerLM(2018)Observedandprojectedimpactsfromextremeweatherevents: implicationsfor loss anddamage. In:MechlerR,BouwerL, SchinkoT,Surminski S,Linnerooth-Bayer J (eds) Lossanddamage fromclimatechange.Concepts,methodsandpolicyoptions.Springer,Cham, pp63–82 CookKH,VizyEK(2015)Detectionandanalysisofanamplifiedwarmingof theSaharaDesert. J Clim28(16):6560–6580 ConwayD,PersechinoA,Ardoin-BardinS(2009)Rainfall andwater resourcesvariability inSub- SaharanAfricaduring the twentieth century. JHydrometeorol 10(1):41–59. https://doi.org/10.1 175/2008JHM1004.1 CostanzaR,deGrootR,SuttonP,vanderPloegS,AndersonSJ,Kubiszewski I, FarberS,Turner RK(2014)Changesintheglobalvalueofecosystemservices.GlobEnvironChange26:152–158