Seite - 312 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

312 W.J.WouterBotzenet al. • Althoughadaptationtoclimatechangewilloftenresult innetbenefits,completely preventing the expected impacts of climate change on natural disaster riskmay not be economically efficient. A residual risk remains to be addressed byL&D options, likefinancialcompensationarrangementswhichcan take the formofaid or a variety of forms of insurance (see also chapter by Linnerooth-Bayer et al. 2018). • It shouldberealised that iffinancialcompensationarrangementsarepartofL&D strategies they should be designed in away that they stimulate and not hamper the implementationofadaptationmeasures.Fewstudieshaveexamined relations between natural disaster insurance and policyholder risk reduction efforts. The studieswedescribed forGermany andother countries show that potential disin- centives(moralhazard)toreduceriskfrominsurancemaybeminor.Opportunities exist for linking insurancewith incentives for risk reduction by rewarding poli- cyholderswho limit natural disaster riskwith premiumdiscounts andby linking insurancewithbuildingcodeandzoning regulations. • Even though natural disaster risk assessments and cost-benefit analysis provide importanttoolsforprioritisinginvestmentsinnaturaldisasterriskmanagement,the uncertainty of climate change impacts complicates adaptationplanning.Design- ing adaptation pathwayswith policymakers can dealwith these uncertainties, as illustratedby theNewZealandcasestudy.TheBangladeshcasestudyshows that risk assessment can be linked to both vulnerability and adaptation pathways to changing conditions, but also toopportunities to enhance socio-economicdevel- opment. Acknowledgements Thewritingof this chapterwas co-fundedby theNetherlandsOrganisation forScientificResearch(NWO)throughVIDIGrantNr.452.14.005andVICIGrantNr.453-13-006, aswell as through theZurichFloodResilienceAlliance. References Aerts JCJH, BotzenWJW (2011) Climate-resilient waterfront development in NewYork City: bridgingflood insurance,buildingcodes, andfloodzoning.AnnNYAcadSci1227:1–82 AtreyaA,Czajkowski J,BotzenWJW,BustamanteG,CampbellK,CollierB, IanniF,Kunreuther H,Michel-KerjanE,MontgomeryM(2017)Adoptionoffloodpreparednessactions:ahousehold level study in rural communities inTabasco,Mexico. Int JDisasterRiskRed24:428–438 BangladeshPlanningCommission(2017)BangladeshDeltaPlan2100.http://www.bangladeshdel taplan2100.org BockarjovaM,RietveldP,VerhoefET(2012)Compositevaluationof immaterialdamageinflood- ing:valueof statistical life, valueof statistical evaluationandvalueof statistical injury.Amster- dam:Tinbergen Institute.TIDiscussionPaper BoffaMiskellLtd (2015).Hutt rivercitycentre sectionupgradeproject: optionsevaluation report. PreparedbyBoffaMiskellLtd forGreaterWellingtonRegionalCouncil,Wellington,1–58 BouwerLM(2018)ObservedandProjected Impacts fromExtremeWeatherEvents: Implications for Loss andDamage. In:MechlerR,BouwerL, SchinkoT, Surminski S, Linnerooth-Bayer J (eds)LossandDamagefromClimateChange.Concepts,MethodsandPolicyOptions.Springer, Cham,pp63–82