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13 ExploringandManagingAdaptationFrontiers… 319
exposure to climate-related risks and providing signalswhen adaptation limits are
approached.Second,bysupportingactors inmovingawayfromadaptationlimitsby
improvingex-antedecisionmaking,incentivisingriskreductionandcreatingaspace
of certainty for climate resilient development. Third, by aiding actors in remaining
in the tolerable risk space by facilitatingfinancial buffering as part of contingency
approaches.However,inorderforrisktransferinstrumentslikeinsurancetoapproach
their potential as risk management tool in developing countries, seven Pro-Poor
Principles for climate risk insuranceneed tobemet.
13.2 Decision-MakingUnderClimateRisks
Atthebeginningof the21stcentury,humanactivities,primarily their fossil fueluse,
havethepotential to irreversiblydamagetheEarth’sclimatesystemandtransformit
rapidly into “a state unknown inhumanexistence” (Barnoskyet al. 2012). Science
suggests that climatechangewill causechanges in the“frequency, intensity, spatial
extent, duration, and timing of extremeweather and climate events” as the IPCC
SpecialReport onExtremeEvents (SREX)concludes (IPCC2012).This change in
climatewill leadto“morerapid, largerandmoreunpredictablechangesinrisksthan
havebeenexperienced in thepast” (RangerandFisher2012).
Risk is both an analytical and a normative concept. It can be understood as the
combination of the probability of an event and its consequences that harm things
which human beings value (Klinke and Renn 2002).With the ultimate objective
tomaintain risks for valued things at a tolerable level, actors apply riskmanage-
ment strategies. They help to identify and evaluate risks, selectmeasures to avoid
and prevent them from happening but also to plan for responding and recovering
fromactual impacts.Riskmanagementmeasuresareused tocontrol risks for things
humans value—e.g. livelihoods, ecosystems, cultural assets “with the explicit pur-
poseof increasinghumansecurity,well-being,qualityof life,andsustainabledevel-
opment” (IPCC2014). The idea of adaptation to climatic stressors has emerged as
amainstreamriskmanagementstrategy tohelpmaintainhuman-ecological systems
ina“safeoperatingspace”(Röckströmetal.2009).Effectiveadaptationmeansinte-
gratingclimatechange related risks intoactors’existingdecision-makingprocesses
with the aimofmaximising the long-termvalue of today’s decisions (Bouwer and
Aerts 2006). This includes risk evaluation as a first step to assess potential risk to
socialobjectivesandvalues followedby thedecisionwhich risk toactivelymanage
andwhichnot.
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Titel
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Untertitel
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Autoren
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Verlag
- Springer Open
- Datum
- 2019
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Abmessungen
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Seiten
- 580
- Schlagwörter
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Kategorien
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima