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17 SupportingClimateRiskManagementatScale… 401 Fig.17.3 Flood risk context in theKarnali river basin inNepal (left panel) and theRimac river valley inPeru (rightpanel). PhotoSourcesPracticalActionandA.Keating 17.3.1 JointBoundaryObjects:CaseStudies forCo-generatingUniversal Insights TheZFRAcase studies for co-generating insights and implementing sorelyneeded projects have been carefully chosen. Case studies are generally characterised by severeflood risk and limits to disaster riskmanagement and adaptation interacting with significantdevelopment challenges (seeFig.17.3). In theKarnali river basins inNepal, rural communities are facing rapid on-set flashfloodsduringthemonsoonseasonoftenleadingtomassiveimpacts tolivesand assets. Therefore EarlyWarning Systems, improved disaster management coordi- nationbetweencommunities and local andnationalgovernments, creationofemer- gency plans and implementation of alternative livelihoods are part of the interven- tions. In theRimacbasin inPeru,communitiesare improving theirpreparedness for theElNiño seasonby identifyingevacuation routes andemergencyplans, capacity buildingofbrigadesandsupportingcommunities toengagewith localgovernments onDRRplanning. Aswell,othercasestudies,notfurtherdiscussedhere,havefocussedonIndonesia andMexico.Along theCiliwung,BengawanSolo andCitarumrivers in Indonesia, there isahugeneed to improvewastemanagement, reforestationand toconnect the impactofupstreambehaviouralpatternswithflooding indownstreamcommunities. In the region of Tabasco inMexico, communities located in wetlands with flood seasons lasting forover threemonthshavebeen inneedof improvedwaterandsan- itationprotection, community centres that can also function as emergency shelters, andnewlivelihoodoptions that canwithstandprolongedfloodseasons. The Flood Resilience Alliance is using a participatory and iterative learning approach to identify anddevelop for the representative (“universal”) cases sustain- ableportfoliosofinterventionsthattacklebothfloodriskanddevelopmentobjectives in synergy. The strategies communities use to pursue their development andwell-