Seite - 430 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

430 M.LandauerandS. Juhola 18.3 Reviewof theImpactsofClimateChange andVulnerability in theArctic We conducted a systematic literature review of Arctic scientific studies found mainlyinScopusdatabase.Outof3,473Arcticstudieswefound164studiesaddress- ingissuesrelatedtorisksandimpactsofclimatechangethatrelatetolossesanddam- agesmore broadly. Categories of these can be found inTable 18.1.We could also identifyexamplesthatfit thenarrowdefinitionofLossandDamage,whileproviding examplesofclimaterisksandimpacts thatare‘beyondadaptation.’ Insteadof trying to identifyall examples thatbelong to the“narrow”category,weselectedexamples from the literature that have been found particularly relevant for the global South anddevelopingcountries, andarealsodiscussed in the internationalLossandDam- agedebate: relocationandoutmigration.For instance, climate-inducedmigration is explicitly covered in theUnitedNations Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) conferences, the Conference of the Parties (COP), and the Executive Committee on theWarsawInternationalMechanismonLoss andDamage (WIM),whichhas a mandate toestablishamigration facility. Basedontheliteraturereview,theimpactsofclimatechangecanbedividedintoa numberofdifferent types fromecological to socio-cultural andeconomic,whereby jointimpactscanalsoreinforceeachother.Forexample,therearebiophysicalimpacts whenchanges inclimate affect thebiogeochemical cycles in theArctic andchange the prevailing conditions in the region, which in turn affects the ability of Arctic communities to engage in economic, social and cultural activities. Alternatively, therearesocio-economicdevelopments thatcanamplifyecological impacts through newmigration patterns or use of natural resources, for example. Impacts can also be described as local, regional or global, with the first two being climate change impactshappening in theArcticand the third impacts thatoccurelsewherebuthave consequences in theArctic andviceversa. Table18.1 Categoriesof Arctic studies focusingon risksand impacts of climatechange (N=164). Especially theclimate-induced relocationandmigration studiesprovide indicationsof ArcticLossandDamage Categories Numberof studies Dangerousclimatechange: risks, hazards, disasters, extremeevents 13 Infrastructure impacts andcosts 6 Climate-induced relocationandmigration 18 Vulnerability, resilience, impacts, adaptation 70 Humanrights, equity, climate justice, gender issues,generations 8 Research tools andmethods:monitoring, assessments, useof traditionalknowledge in research 27 Humanhealth impacts 22 Total 164