Seite - 518 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

518 M.vandenHombergandC.McQuistan Table22.1 PracticalAction’s framework for technology justicewithfivecomponents Technology justice component Description Access Equitableaccess to services Equitableaccess to technologyandknowledge Use Technologyusecanhaveanegative impacton futuregenerationsanda negative impactoncertaingroups in society,whilebeneficial toothers. Sustainable, intergenerationaluse shouldbepromotedandenabled Technological innovationand implementation Considerableuntappedpotential in implementinganddeveloping technology topush the limitsofwhat canbemanagedandabsorbedby the poorandvulnerable.Unfortunately, technologicaldevelopmentand innovationare focusedoncreatingnewmarketsor exploitingexisting markets for thosewhocanafford topay. Investments therefore focuson high tech technologies. Ideally, innovationand implementationof technologies isdrivenby themostpressingsocial andenvironmental challengesandwith theequitable involvementof thepoorandvulnerable Governance Governanceshouldenableaccess to the technologyandknowledge that is required,promote theuseof inclusive technologiesandcurb those that adverselyaffect theenvironment Finance Adequateandwell targetedfinance fromdifferent sources funds technologyaccess,use, innovationandgovernanceprioritised to respond to thecritical lossanddamagechallenges inmanagingclimate risk links to researchand technologicalcapacitybutalso to the social acceptance of a new technology.Both frameworks have amulti-stakeholder perspectiveandshowthat it isnever about a straightforward transferof technology. If that isdone, likewithagriculturalmachinery(Trace2016)oradvancedfloodmod- ellingsoftware,chancesareveryhighthe technologyisabandonedandnotused.As anNGOexample, the technology justice framework launched byPracticalAction (PracticalAction2016) rethinks the role of technology from theperspective of the poorandvulnerable(Trace2016)andconsistsofthreecomponents:Access,Useand Innovation.We complement thesewithGovernance andFinance (seeTable 22.1), creatingfive components that are closely linked to the threeParismeans of imple- mentation. Access toServicesandAccess toTechnologyandKnowledge isNotEqual The poor have almost alwaysmore limited access to basic services such aswater and energy, but also to disaster-related services such as earlywarning and climate information (Raworth 2012). In addition, developing countries and, within those countries, thepoormore than the richhave limitedaccess to technologyandknowl- edge (Traces2016). In thecaseofanEWS, furtherdiscussedbelow,even ifvulner- able communities receive earlywarning information, they often lack access to the knowledgerequiredforearlyaction(Cumiskeyetal.2014).Christiansenetal.(2011) extractedabout165unmettechnologicalneedsrelatedtoadaptation(andmitigation) from technology needs assessments carried out in developing countries. Examples