Seite - 527 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

22 Technology forClimate Justice… 527 TheWarsawInternationalMechanismforLossandDamageassociatedwithCli- mateChange Impacts (WIM) is theUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononCli- mateChange(UNFCCC)bodythathasbeentaskedtodevelopthispillar (UNFCCC 2013). Sendai, as a framework tailored towardsDRR, is part of adaptation. Sendai hasindicatorsonlossesanddamagesandincludesparagraphsonrelocationofhuman settlements,2 but Sendai does not go into attribution of losses anddamages data to climate changeand leaves the implicationsof relocation to theclimate regime.The SDGcompactencompassesdevelopmentinmanydimensionsandhassynergieswith all threepillars. Notions of climate justice are relevant for all three global agreements; however, thereisnowacrucialglobalopportunitytomakeclimatejusticeamorecoherentpart of these three agreements and to ensure that climate actions that follow from these agreements are governed accordingly. Inequities play outmore in those countries where existingmeasures are insufficient to copewith the globalwarming thatwill continue even if the ambitious target of the Paris Agreement in terms of limiting warming is met. Therefore, we focus on adaptation, as it can reduce losses and damages for the poorest andmost vulnerable in developing countries on a shorter timescale than ispossible formitigationalone. In thesecountries, investments into transformativeadjustmentsforadaptationandL&Dasastepchangetoanalternative socio-economic realitymaybenecessary. GlobalAgreementsandTransparency: IndicatorsandReporting As thedifferent agreements evolve,methodologies and terminologiesused forpro- viding transparency do so aswell. TheUNFCCCuses the stringentmeasurement, reporting and verification (MRV) mechanism (UNFCCC 2014), which is legally bindingcontrary to theactualmitigation targets in thenationallydeterminedcontri- butions (NDC) that are not dictated by the agreement (Bridgeman 2017). TheUN hasrevieworprogress reports for theSDGs,andtheUNISDRspeaksofmonitoring andreportingforSendai,bothofwhicharenonlegallybinding(UNISDR2015;UN 2015). The transparencymechanism for the current climate agreements for non-annex I countries startswith theclimatepledge, that is (intended)NDCs,where85%also haveanadaptationcomponent(Pauwetal.2016).Leastdevelopedcountriessuchas BangladeshandNepalexpresstheiradaptationplansthroughtheshort-termnational adaptation programme of action (NAPA). Countries are also developingmedium- and long-term national adaptation plans. Reporting formats on implementing the convention are currently still different for the non-annex I countries due to “com- monbutdifferentiated responsibilities and respective capacities” (CBDR-RC).The reportingmechanismconsistsofNationalCommunications(NC)andbiennialupdate reports (BURs),with sections on bothmitigation and adaptation.As one example, the sectionon adaptation in theNCs forBangladesh, India andNepal ismuch less quantitative thanformitigation (seeBox22.3).These reportspresentnodataon the 2Paragraph27(k)of theadoptedSendairesolutionreads“Formulatepublicpolicies,whereapplica- ble,aimedataddressingtheissuesofpreventionorrelocation,wherepossible,ofhumansettlements indisaster riskzones, subject tonational lawand legal systems.”