Seite - 47 - in Advances in Neuroimmunology

BrainSci. 2016,6, 18 reactiveoxygenspecies areproduced, IL-13and IL-4 canparticipate to tissuedamageand thus to Parkinson’sdiseaseorotherneurodegenerativedisorders. Instead,underphysiologicalconditions, these twocytokinescancontribute to the regulationofneuronal functionviadirect action through neuronal IL-13Rα1. Thus, theyhavetherequisitesofbeingpotentialneuromodulators. Acknowledgments:SupportedbytheNIH(NS085155)andbyTheMichael J.FoxFoundation. AuthorContributions:S.M.,P.M.andB.C.wrote thepaper. Conflictsof Interest:Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictof interest. The foundingsponsorshadnorole in thedesign of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretationofdata; in thewritingof themanuscript, and in the decisiontopublish theresults. References 1. Morrison, B.E.; Marcondes, M.C.; Nomura, D.K.; Sanchez-Alavez, M.; Sanchez-Gonzalez, A.; Saar, I.; Kim,K.S.; Bartfai, T.;Maher, P.; Sugama, S.; et al. Cutting edge: IL-13Rα1 expression indopaminergic neurons contributes to their oxidative stress-mediated loss following chronicperipheral treatmentwith lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol. 2012,189, 5498–5502. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Gibbs,B.F.;Haas,H.;Falcone,F.H.;Albrecht,C.;Vollrath, I.B.;Noll,T.;Wolff,H.H.;Amon,U.Purifiedhuman peripheralbloodbasophils release interleukin-13andpreformedinterleukin-4 following immunological activation.Eur. J. Immunol. 1996,26, 2493–2498. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 3. Haas, H.; Falcone, F.H.; Holland, M.J.; Schramm, G.; Haisch, K.; Gibbs, B.F.; Bufe, A.; Schlaak, M. Early interleukin-4: Its role in the switch towards aTh2 response and IgE-mediated allergy. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 1999,119, 86–94. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 4. Howard,M.;Paul,W.E. Interleukins forB lymphocytes.LymphokineRes. 1982,1, 1–4. [PubMed] 5. Jaffe, J.S.;Raible,D.G.;Post,T.J.;Wang,Y.;Glaum,M.C.;Butterfield, J.H.;Schulman,E.S.Humanlungmast cell activation leads to IL-13mRNAexpressionandproteinrelease.Am. J.Respir. CellMol. Biol. 1996,15, 473–481. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 6. Kim,E.Y.;Battaile, J.T.;Patel,A.C.;You,Y.;Agapov,E.;Grayson,M.H.;Benoit,L.A.;Byers,D.E.;Alevy,Y.; Tucker, J.; et al.Persistentactivationofan innate immuneresponse translates respiratoryviral infection into chronic lungdisease.Nat.Med. 2008,14, 633–640. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 7. Lee, Y.C.; Lee, K.H.; Lee, H.B.; Rhee, Y.K. Serum levels of interleukins (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and interferon-gammainacuteasthma. J.Asthma2001,38, 665–671. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 8. McKenzie,A.N.;Culpepper, J.A.;deWaalMalefyt,R.;Briere,F.;Punnonen, J.;Aversa,G.;Sato,A.;Dang,W.; Cocks,G.B.;Menon,S.; et al. Interleukin13,aT-cell-derivedcytokine that regulateshumanmonocyteand B-cell function.Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci.USA1993,90, 3735–3739. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 9. Minty, A.; Chalon, P.; Derocq, J.M.; Dumont, X.; Guillemot, J.C.; Kaghad, M.; Labit, C.; Leplatois, P.; Liauzun, P.;Miloux, B.; et al. Interleukin-13 is a newhuman lymphokine regulating inflammatory and immuneresponses.Nature1993,362, 248–250. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 10. Morgan, J.G.;Dolganov,G.M.;Robbins,S.E.;Hinton,L.M.;Lovett,M.Theselective isolationofnovelcDNAs encodedby the regions surrounding the human interleukin 4 and 5genes. NucleicAcidsRes. 1992, 20, 5173–5179. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 11. Ochensberger,B.;Daepp,G.C.;Rihs,S.;Dahinden,C.A.Humanbloodbasophilsproduce interleukin-13 in response to IgE-receptor-dependentand-independentactivation.Blood1996,88, 3028–3037. [PubMed] 12. Reglier,H.;Arce-Vicioso,M.;Fay,M.;Gougerot-Pocidalo,M.A.;Chollet-Martin,S.Lackof IL-10andIL-13 productionbyhumanpolymorphonuclearneutrophils.Cytokine1998,10, 192–198. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 13. Schmid-Grendelmeier,P.;Altznauer,F.;Fischer,B.;Bizer,C.;Straumann,A.;Menz,G.;Blaser,K.;Wuthrich,B.; Simon,H.U.Eosinophilsexpress functional IL-13 ineosinophilic inflammatorydiseases. J. Immunol. 2002, 169, 1021–1027. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 14. Silvestri, M.; Bontempelli, M.; Giacomelli, M.; Malerba, M.; Rossi, G.A.; Di Stefano, A.; Rossi, A.; Ricciardolo,F.L.Highserumlevelsof tumournecrosis factor-αandinterleukin-8 insevereasthma:Markers ofsystemic inflammation?Clin. Exp.Allergy2006,36, 1373–1381. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 15. Wills-Karp,M.;Luyimbazi, J.;Xu,X.;Schofield,B.;Neben,T.Y.;Karp,C.L.;Donaldson,D.D. Interleukin-13: Centralmediatorofallergicasthma.Science1998,282, 2258–2261. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 47