Seite - 186 - in Pflegeroboter

186 B. C. Stahl autonomously raise broad questions about responsibility and liability. The attribution of responsibility to designers, vendors and users of such robots and maybe even the robots themselves is not clear. If something goes wrong, who is to blame and who will be held legally liable? Further concerns include that using robots as social companions, in par- ticular for vulnerable individuals may amount to deception, as the care receivers may not understand the way in which the technology works (Coeckelbergh 2012; Sparrow and Sparrow 2006). Finally, there are issues concerning trust that are raised because the transfer of human activities to robots may invite the transfer of trust originally vested in human carers. However, if is not clear that such a transfer of trust would be appropriate. In addition to these specific issues related to robots and their role in healthcare and general human interaction, some concerns relate to ICT and its social impact in gene- ral. Many of these are applicable to robots in care situation as well. The most promi- nent among these are privacy and data protection. Robotics research and use of robots in healthcare can raise questions about which data are collected, how they are stored, who has access to them, who owns them, what happens to them, and so on. Furthermore there are questions of safety and avoidance of harm. Robots should not harm people and be safe to work with. This point is especially important in healthcare and related domains, since it often involves vulnerable people such as ill people, elderly people, and children. This quick overview does not aim to be comprehensive but lists the key issues that can be taken as a first step to determine whether attempts to address ethical issues of care robots have been addressed. Previously we have suggested that RRI provides mecha- nisms to identify and address these issues (Stahl and Coeckelbergh 2016). In this paper the question is whether BS 8611 provides practical tools to realise this promise and the- reby implement RRI for care robots. 10.4 BS 8611—Robots and Robotic Devices: Guide to the Ethical Design and Application of Robots and Robotic Systems This section starts by giving a short overview of the ethical hazards described in BS 8611. This is followed by a discussion of how ethical risk assessment and manage- ment is to be undertaken according to BS 8611. 10.4.1 BS 8611 and Ethical Hazards BS (British Standard) 8611 (BSI 2016) was published by BSI, the British Standards Insti- tution in 2016. Its scope (section 1) clearly locates the document in the context of existing standardisation around robotics. The main aim is to identify “potential ethical harm” and provide “guidelines on safe design, protective measures and information for the design and application of robots” (p. 1). The overall document is framed in terms of risk identification