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has two features representative of dampened and broadened critical point features found in single
crystal silicon [58]. These reference spectra in ε for a‐Si:H and nc‐Si:H, along with that for void
(ε = 1), were then used in a three component Bruggeman effective medium approximation [42,43]
layer and a least‐squares regression within the VIA with ds and the relative nanocrystallite (fnc) and
void (fvoid) fractions
as
free
parameters
and the amorphous
fraction
constrained
(fa =
1
fnc fvoid).
Figure 4. Mean square error (MSE), void fraction (fvoid), nanocrystalline volume fraction (fnc), and
surface roughness thickness (ds) in the top ~10 Å of the bulk layer, plotted versus the accumulated
bulk layer thickness for an intrinsic hydrogen diluted R = [H2]/[SiH4] = 50 Si:H film deposited on a
200 Å R = 50 n‐type a‐Si:H over‐deposited onto a ZnO/Ag back reflector (BR), as determined by
virtual interface analysis (VIA) applied to real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) data.
Spectrally averaged mean error for fvoid,
fnc, and ds are 0.3%,
2.4%, and 0.8 Å respectively.
Figure 4. Mean square error (MSE), void fraction (fvoid), nanocrystalline volume
fraction (fnc), a d surface roughness thickness (ds) n the top ~10 Å f the bulk
layer, plotted versus the accumulated bulk layer thickness for an intrinsic hydrogen
dilutedR=[H2]/[SiH4]=50Si:Hfilmdepositedona200ÅR=50n-typea-Si:H
over-deposited onto a ZnO/Ag back reflector (BR), as determined by virtual
interface analysis (VIA) applied to real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE)
data. Spectrally averaged mean error for fvoid, fnc, and ds are 0.3%, 2.4%, and
0.8Årespectively.
Materials
2016,
9,
128 12
of
23
Figure 5. Spectra in ε (top panel, real part ε1; bottom panel, imaginary part ε2) of a‐Si:H and nc‐Si:H
reference material used in VIA applied over a spectral range from 2.75 to 5.0 eV. Spectra in ε for
a‐Si:H and nc‐Si:H were obtained from analysis of RTSE data and by numerical inversion at a bulk
layer thickness of 200 and 1150 Å, respectively.
Results of VIA show an increase in surface roughness followed by a decrease within the first
~300 Å of material accumulation, indicating crystallite nucleation on the substrate followed by
coalesce of the clusters. The nanocrystallite fraction increases with bulk layer thickness, then
converges to 1.0 as expected for a nanocrystalline film. Voids initially appear with the nucleation of
crystallites,
which
then
subsequently
decrease
and
stabilize
near
fvoid
=
0.04
throughout
the
growth
of
this layer. Depending on the source of reference ε for nc‐Si:H, this behavior could indicate that the
grains under these conditions were not well passivated with a‐Si:H as is desirable in nc‐Si:H
PV
[22,59].
Optimized
nanocrystalline/microcrystalline
PV
devices
often
incorporate
layers
prepared
at lowest hydrogen dilution where crystallite growth can occur, and nc‐Si:H layers are often
fabricated
using
hydrogen
dilution
grading
approaches
to
manipulate
the
degree
of
crystallinity.
For
very high values of hydrogen dilution, such as R = 50 in this example, the material is likely not
optimized for solar cells, because cracks related to voids can promote shunts in the cells and
channels by
which contamination (e.g. oxygen) can
enter into the layer
[14,21,60].
Comparison of the structural behavior of the a
(a+nc) and (a+nc) nc transitions as a function
of single deposition parameters has been used to produce so‐called deposition phase diagrams or
growth evolution diagrams which have helped guide the development of optimization principles in
Figure 5. Sp ctra in ε (toppanel, realpart ε1; bott panel, imagi arypart ε2)of
a-Si:H and nc-Si:H reference material used in VIA applied over a spectral range
from 2.75 to 5.0 eV. Spectra in ε for a-Si:H and nc-Si:H were obtained from analysis
of RTSE data and by n merical nversion at a bulk lay r thickness of 200 and
1150Å,respectively.
78
Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Titel
- Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Autor
- Joshua M. Pearce
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2016
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03842-217-4
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 216
- Schlagwörter
- Perovskite, Plasmonics, Nanostructured Materials, Anti-Reflection Coatings, Transparent Conductive Oxides, Amorphous Silicon, Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) Materials, Organic Photovoltaic Materials, Solar Energy Materials
- Kategorien
- Naturwissenschaften Physik
- Technik