Seite - 150 - in Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
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Text der Seite - 150 -
Materials
2016,
9,
63 4
of
12
Figure
1.
XRD
pattern
for
ITO
films
deposited
under
different
oxygen
ambient
conditions
and
etched
for 1, 3, 5 and 8 min: (A) 0 sccm oxygen; (B) 0.4 sccm oxygen; (C) 1.0 sccm oxygen. Argon flow rate
was maintained at 10 sccm for all materials.
In addition to that the peak shown at (222), (400) and (440) reflections are indexed to be cubic
indium
oxide
(JCPDS
No:
06‐0416)
[40].
All
the
films
have
a
polycrystalline
nature
with
stronger
(222)
reflection.
No
other
tin
phases
could
be
identified
from
the
cubic
indium
tin
oxide.
Normally
the
30%
of Sn is needed to exhibiting the SnO2 diffraction lines in ITO. The (222) and (400) plane is ascribed
for oxygen efficient and deficient nature of ITO films [41]. The effect of the oxygen flow rate on the
peak intensity of the ITO films is clearly shown in the XRD spectrum. There is a general increase in
the
peak
intensities
with
increased
oxygen
flow
rate.
Similarly
the
reflections
such
as
(211),
(400)
and
(440) are due to the minimum oxygen concentration in the sputter chamber. These planes are absent
in
the
XRD
pattern
of
ITO
film
processed
in
an
oxygen‐rich
(1.0
sccm)
environment.
There
is
a
strong
evidence
that
for
the
highest
oxygen
ambient
(1.0
sccm),
(222)
is
the
preferred
growth
orientation
for
RF sputter deposited ITO films. Varying the oxygen concentration will result in changing the
preferred
growth
orientation
of
the
films
to
other
crystal
lattice
planes
such
as
the
(211),
(400)
or
(440).
The intensity ratios are strongly dependent on the critical level of In3+ and O2− pairs and the pairs’
density is different for different etching periods of time [42]. The presence of high oxygen
concentration induce the In‐O bonding networks formation and promote growth of the (222) crystal
lattice planes.
During the etching, ITO films are reduced to In–Cl and In‐(NO3)3 resulting in the change in
crystallinity
of
films
etched
for
different
periods
of
time.
The
structural
parameters
such
as
d
spacing,
lattice constants, net lattice distortion and grain sizes are estimated and listed in Table 1 in
comparison
to
data
from
the
Joint
Committee
on
Powder
Diffraction
Standards
(JCPDS)/International
Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD)
database.
The etching process also distorts the ITO structural long ‐ range order, which has an impact on
the opto‐electronic properties of the films. The grain size of films did not change even after etching
for 8 min., particularly for ITO films processed in an oxygen deficient environment. During the
etching
process
the
excess
weakly
bound
oxygen
atoms
are
removed
from
the
ITO
surfaces
exposing
layers with different grain sizes. The ITO structure distortion due to etching for longer periods of
time
(8
min)
can
be
seen
from
the
XRD
spectra
shown
in
Figure
1.
There
was
however
no
evidence
of
ITO film for the results shown in Figure 1A after they were etched for 8 min. There is evidence of
decreased crystallinity for the rest of the ITO films (Figure 1B,C) as the oxygen atoms are stripped
from the In–O network by the HCl
and
HNO3.
Figure 1. XRD pattern for ITO films deposited under different oxygen ambient
conditionsandetchedfor1,3,5and8min: (A)0sccmoxygen; (B)0.4sccmoxygen;
(C) 1.0sccmoxygen. Argonflowratewasmaintainedat10sccmforallmaterials.
In addition to that the peak shown at (222), (400) and (440) reflections are
indexed t be cubic indium oxide (JCPDS No: 06-0416) [40]. All th films have a
polycrystalline nature with stronger (222) reflection. No other tin phases could be
identifi d from the cubic indi m tin oxide. Normally the 30% of Sn is needed to
exhibiting the Sn 2 diffraction lines in ITO. The (222) and (400) plane is ascribed
foroxygenefficientanddeficientnatureof ITOfilms[41]. Theeffectof theoxygen
flowrateonthepeakintensityof theITOfilmsisclearlyshownintheXRDspectrum.
There is a general increase in the peak intensities with increased oxygen flow rate.
Similarlythereflectionssuchas(211), (400)and(440)areduetotheminimumoxygen
concentration in the sputter chamber. These planes are absent in the XRD pattern
of ITO film proces ed in an oxyg -rich (1.0 sc m) enviro me t. There is a strong
evidencethat for thehigh s oxygenambient (1.0sccm), (222) is th pref rredgrowth
orientationforRFsputterdepositedITOfilms. Varyingtheoxygenconcentrationwill
result inchangingthepreferredgrowthorientationof thefilmstoothercrystal lattice
planessuchas the (211), (400)or (440). The intensityratiosarestronglydependent
on the critical level of In3+ and O2´ pairs and the pairs’ density is different for
different etching periods of time [42]. The presence of high oxygen concentration
inducetheIn-Obondingnetworksformationandpromotegrowthofthe(222)crystal
latticeplanes.
150
Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Titel
- Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Autor
- Joshua M. Pearce
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2016
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03842-217-4
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 216
- Schlagwörter
- Perovskite, Plasmonics, Nanostructured Materials, Anti-Reflection Coatings, Transparent Conductive Oxides, Amorphous Silicon, Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) Materials, Organic Photovoltaic Materials, Solar Energy Materials
- Kategorien
- Naturwissenschaften Physik
- Technik