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the Raman modes for cubic indium oxide, such as 4Ag (Raman), 4Eg (Raman), 14Tg (Raman),5Au(inactive),and16Tu(infrared)modes [43]. Themodesobservedare at 303, 621 and 675 cm´1 for all the films. Noticeable modes are exhibited at 302 and 621 for Eg and In–O vibrational mode [44]. The observed Raman modes in Figure 3 are in good agreement with previous reported results [40]. There are no otheradditionalmodesobservable for theSnOandSnO2 structures. Inadditionto that thebroadband shownat976 to 1013cm´1 forall the etchedfilmsandit wasnot unassignable. Thepeakappearedat1132,1112,1097and1120cm´1 for0,0.4and1.0 sccmITOetchedfilms. Thesepeaksarereported in thecommercially ITOfilms[45]. The Raman results are correlated with XRD results. No other mixed phases were observedintheRamanspectrumindicatingthatetchingprocesshadnoorlittleeffect onthe ITOstructure. 6 sputtered  using  0.4  sccm  oxygen  flow  rate  and  etched  for  1  min,  while  a  maximum  surface  roughness  value  of  8.9  nm  was  observed  for  films  processed  at  1.0  sccm  oxygen  flow  rate  and  etched  for  1  min.  There  was  a  slight  increase  in  roughness  with  etching  time  observed  for  0  sccm  and  0.4  sccm  ITO  film,  for  etching  times  1  min  to  8  min.  However,  the  1.0  sccm  films,  showed  the  greatest  variation  in  surface  roughness  even  after  1  min  etching  process.  Generally,  the  surface  roughness  of  the  films  are  observed  to  increase  when  the  oxygen  gas  concentration  is  increased  during  processing.    3.1.3.  Raman  Spectroscopy  Figure  3  shows  the  Raman  spectrum  for  ITO  deposited  at  various  oxygen  compositions  and  etched  at  1,  3,  5  and  8  min  respectively.  Raman  spectroscopy  is  used  to  determine  the  structural  conformations  of  the  materials.  Group  theory  predicts  the  Raman  modes  for  cubic  indium  oxide,    such  as  4Ag  (Raman),  4Eg  (Raman),  14Tg  (Raman),  5Au  (inactive),  and  16Tu  (infrared)  modes  [43].  The  modes  observed  are  at  303,  621  and  675  cm−1  for  all  the  films.  Noticeable  modes  are  exhibited  at  302  and  621  for  Eg  and  In–O  vibrational  mode  [44].  The  observed  Raman  modes  in  Figure  3  are  in  good  agreement  wit   previous  re orted  results  [40].  There  are  no  other  additional  modes  observable  for  the  SnO  and  SnO2  structures.  In  addition  to  that  the  broad  band  shown  at  976  to  1013  cm−1  for  all  the  etched  films  and  it  was  not  unassignable.  The  peak  appeared  at  1132,  1112,  1097  and  1120  cm−1  for  0,  0.4  and  1.0  sccm  ITO  etched  films.  These  peaks  are  reported  in  the  commercially  ITO  films  [45].  The  Raman  results  are  correlated  with  XRD  results.  No  other  mixed  phases  were  observed  in  the  Raman  spectrum  indicating  that  etching  process  had  no  or  little  effect  on  the  ITO  structure.      Figure  3.  Raman  spectra  for  the  ITO  films  deposited  under  various  oxygen  concentrations  and  etched  for  1,  3,  5  and  8  min.,  respectively.  (A)  0  sccm;  (B)  0.4  sccm;  (C)  1.0  sccm.    Figure 3. Raman spectra for the ITO films deposited under various oxygen concentrations and etched for 1, 3, 5 and 8 min., respectively. (A) 0 sccm; (B) 0.4sccm; (C) 1.0sccm. 3.2. Resistivity The electrical properties of the different oxygen ambient deposited and etched ITO films were measured using a four point probe. The sheet resistance values of the ITOfilmsarechangedwithrespect to theoxygenambientnatureandetchingtime andaresummarized inTable2. 153
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Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
Titel
Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
Autor
Joshua M. Pearce
Herausgeber
MDPI
Ort
Basel
Datum
2016
Sprache
englisch
Lizenz
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-3-03842-217-4
Abmessungen
17.0 x 24.4 cm
Seiten
216
Schlagwörter
Perovskite, Plasmonics, Nanostructured Materials, Anti-Reflection Coatings, Transparent Conductive Oxides, Amorphous Silicon, Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) Materials, Organic Photovoltaic Materials, Solar Energy Materials
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