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the Raman modes for cubic indium oxide, such as 4Ag (Raman), 4Eg (Raman), 14Tg
(Raman),5Au(inactive),and16Tu(infrared)modes [43]. Themodesobservedare
at 303, 621 and 675 cm´1 for all the films. Noticeable modes are exhibited at 302
and 621 for Eg and In–O vibrational mode [44]. The observed Raman modes in
Figure 3 are in good agreement with previous reported results [40]. There are no
otheradditionalmodesobservable for theSnOandSnO2 structures. Inadditionto
that thebroadband shownat976 to 1013cm´1 forall the etchedfilmsandit wasnot
unassignable. Thepeakappearedat1132,1112,1097and1120cm´1 for0,0.4and1.0
sccmITOetchedfilms. Thesepeaksarereported in thecommercially ITOfilms[45].
The Raman results are correlated with XRD results. No other mixed phases were
observedintheRamanspectrumindicatingthatetchingprocesshadnoorlittleeffect
onthe ITOstructure.
6
sputtered
using
0.4
sccm
oxygen
flow
rate
and
etched
for
1
min,
while
a
maximum
surface
roughness
value of 8.9 nm was observed for films processed at 1.0 sccm oxygen flow rate and etched for 1 min.
There was a slight increase in roughness with etching time observed for 0 sccm and 0.4 sccm ITO
film, for etching times 1 min to 8 min. However, the 1.0 sccm films, showed the greatest variation in
surface
roughness
even
after
1
min
etching
process.
Generally,
the
surface
roughness
of
the
films
are
observed to
increase when the oxygen gas concentration is increased during processing.
3.1.3.
Raman
Spectroscopy
Figure 3 shows the Raman spectrum for ITO deposited at various oxygen compositions and
etched at 1, 3, 5 and 8 min respectively. Raman spectroscopy is used to determine the structural
conformations of the materials. Group theory predicts the Raman modes for cubic indium oxide,
such as 4Ag (Raman), 4Eg (Raman), 14Tg (Raman), 5Au (inactive), and 16Tu (infrared) modes [43].
The modes observed are at 303, 621 and 675 cm−1 for all the films. Noticeable modes are exhibited at
302 and 621 for Eg and In–O vibrational mode [44]. The observed Raman modes in Figure 3 are in
good
agreement
wit
previous
re orted
results
[40].
There
are
no
other
additional
modes
observable
for the SnO and SnO2 structures. In addition to that the broad band shown at 976 to 1013 cm−1 for all
the etched films and it was not unassignable. The peak appeared at 1132, 1112, 1097 and 1120 cm−1
for
0,
0.4
and
1.0
sccm
ITO
etched
films.
These
peaks
are
reported
in
the
commercially
ITO
films
[45].
The Raman results are correlated with XRD results. No other mixed phases were observed in the
Raman
spectrum indicating that etching process had
no or little effect on the ITO structure.
Figure
3.
Raman
spectra
for
the
ITO
films
deposited
under
various
oxygen
concentrations
and
etched
for 1, 3, 5 and 8 min., respectively. (A) 0 sccm; (B) 0.4 sccm; (C) 1.0
sccm.
Figure 3. Raman spectra for the ITO films deposited under various oxygen
concentrations and etched for 1, 3, 5 and 8 min., respectively. (A) 0 sccm; (B)
0.4sccm; (C) 1.0sccm.
3.2. Resistivity
The electrical properties of the different oxygen ambient deposited and etched
ITO films were measured using a four point probe. The sheet resistance values of the
ITOfilmsarechangedwithrespect to theoxygenambientnatureandetchingtime
andaresummarized inTable2.
153
Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Titel
- Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Autor
- Joshua M. Pearce
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2016
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03842-217-4
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 216
- Schlagwörter
- Perovskite, Plasmonics, Nanostructured Materials, Anti-Reflection Coatings, Transparent Conductive Oxides, Amorphous Silicon, Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) Materials, Organic Photovoltaic Materials, Solar Energy Materials
- Kategorien
- Naturwissenschaften Physik
- Technik