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4
the 9‐, 18‐, and 27‐h reactions grown on the AZO substrates, indicating that the ZnO NRs were
adequately grown on substrates with a distinctive, clear morphology. Furthermore, the diameters,
lengths, and aspect ratios of the NRs were in the range of 76–110 nm, 1.5–5 μm, and 20.7–47.9,
respectively. Greene et al. indicated that the growing temperature influences the upright growth of
ZnO NRs
[16].
Materials
2015,
8,
page–page
Figure
3.
SEM
images
of
ZnO
nanorods
fabricated
under
various
growth
time.
(a–c)
Top‐view
images
of
ZnO
nanorods
grown
at
9
h,
18
h,
and
27
h;
(d–f)
Side‐view
images
of
ZnO
nanorods
grown
at
9
h,
18 h, and 27 h,
respectively.
Figure 4a depicts the Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra. To characterize the
AZO/dye/electrolyte interface, the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) levels of the DSSCs were evaluated
under AM 1.5 illumination by conducting EIS measurements. The Nyquist plots indicate a small
semicircle
at
high
frequencies
and
a
large
semicircle
at
low
frequencies.
The
inset
in
Figure
4a
shows
the equivalent circuit. Usually, all the spectra of the DSSCs exhibit three semicircles, which are
ascribed to the electrochemical reaction at the Pt counter electrode, charge transfer at the
TiO2/dye/electrolyte, and Warburg diffusion process of I−/I3−, respectively [17,18]. In the present
study, the charge transfer resistance at the ZnO/dye/electrolyte interface (Rct2) decreased when the
aspect ratio of the ZnO NRs was varied from 20.7 to 47.6. This may be attributable to the increase in
the diameter size, length, and quality of ZnO NRs, which led to an increase in the dye adsorption as
well as penetration of electron mobility into the pores of the AZO electrode (Figure 4a). The better
collected
and
transported
electrons
had
a
lower
possibility
of
recombination,
and
the
electron
lifetime
was increased [19]. Figure 4b shows Bode phase plots indicating the characteristic frequency peaks
(1–104 Hz). The characteristic frequency peak shifted to a lower frequency when the aspect ratio
increased, and the characteristic frequency can be considered as the inverse of the electron lifetime
(τe) or recombination lifetime (τr) in an AZO film [20,21]. This implies that the NRs with an aspect
ratio of 47.6 (grown for 27 h) had the longest electron lifetime in the AZO film. The results indicate
that the ZnO NRs, which were grown for 27 h (aspect ratio: 47.6), on the AZO film had a lower
transport resistance
and
a
longer electron lifetime
in the AZO electrode. The
electron lifetimes in the
AZO
films
increased
from
3.25
to
6.12
ms
when
the
aspect
ratio
increased
from
20.7
to
47.6.
This
result
is consistent
with the following results
obtained
from cell performance
and EIS
analysis.
Figure 3. SEM images of Z O nanoro s fabricated under various growth
time. (a–c) Top-view images of ZnO nanorods grown at 9 h, 18 h, and 27 h;
(d–f)Side-viewimagesofZnOnanorodsgrownat9h,18h,and27h,respectively.
Materials
2015,
8,
page–page
5
Figure
3.
SEM
images
of
ZnO
nanorods
fabricated
under
various
growth
time.
(a–c)
Top‐view
images
of
ZnO
nanorods
grown
at
9
h,
18
h,
and
27
h;
(d–f)
Side‐view
images
of
ZnO
nanorods
grown
at
9
h,
18 h, and 27 h,
respectively.
Figure 4a depicts the Nyquist plots of the impedance spectra. To characterize the
AZO/dye/electrolyte interface, the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) levels of the DSSCs were evaluated
under AM 1.5 illumination by conducting EIS measurements. The Nyquist plots indicate a small
semicircle
at
high
frequencies
and
a
large
semicircle
at
low
frequencies.
The
inset
in
Figure
4a
shows
the equivalent circuit. Usually, all the spectra of the DSSCs exhibit three semicircles, which are
ascribed to the electrochemical reaction at the Pt counter electrode, charge transfer at the
TiO2/dye/electrolyte, and Warburg diffusion process of I−/I3−, respectively [17,18]. In the present
study, the charge transfer resistance at the ZnO/dye/electrolyte interface (Rct2) decreased when the
aspect ratio of the ZnO NRs was varied from 20.7 to 47.6. This may be attributable to the increase in
the diameter size, length, and quality of ZnO NRs, which led to an increase in the dye adsorption as
well as penetration of electron mobility into the pores of the AZO electrode (Figure 4a). The better
collected
and
transported
electrons
had
a
lower
possibility
of
recombination,
and
the
electron
lifetime
was increased [19]. Figure 4b shows Bode phase plots indicating the characteristic frequency peaks
(1–104 Hz). The characteristic frequency peak shifted to a lower frequency when the aspect ratio
increased, and the characteristic frequency can be considered as the inverse of the electron lifetime
(τe) or recombination lifetime (τr) in an AZO film [20,21]. This implies that the NRs with an aspect
ratio of 47.6 (grown for 27 h) had the l ngest electron lifetime in the AZO film. The results indicate
that the ZnO NRs, which were grown for 27 h (aspect ratio: 47.6), on the AZO film had a lower
transport resistance
and
a
longer electron lifetime
in the AZO electrode. The
electron lifetimes in the
AZO
films
incr ased
fro
3.25
t
6.12
ms
when
the
aspect
ratio
increased
from
20.7
to
47.6.
This
result
is consistent
with the following results
obtained
from cell performance
and EIS
analysis.
Figure
4.
Electrochemical
impedance
spectra
of
DSSCs
containing
ZnO
nanorods
with
various
lengths.
(a) Nyquist plots and (b) Bode phase plots. The equivalent circuit of this study is shown in the inset
of (a).
Figure 4. Electrochemical impedance spectra of DSSCs co taining ZnO n norods
with various lengths. (a) Nyquist plots and (b) Bode phase plots. The equivalent
circuitof this studyisshowninthe insetof (a).
169
Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Titel
- Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Autor
- Joshua M. Pearce
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2016
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03842-217-4
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 216
- Schlagwörter
- Perovskite, Plasmonics, Nanostructured Materials, Anti-Reflection Coatings, Transparent Conductive Oxides, Amorphous Silicon, Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) Materials, Organic Photovoltaic Materials, Solar Energy Materials
- Kategorien
- Naturwissenschaften Physik
- Technik