Seite - 25 - in Radical Solutions and Open Science - An Open Approach to Boost Higher Education

26 C.M.Stracke thequestionariseswhether opendata shouldbe storedandaccessible ingeneral or indomain-specificrepositories(Cooketal.,2018).That leads todiscussionsondata sharing that canbe tippedonlyon the surface (likean iceberg): ThejournalAdvancesinMethodsandPracticesinPsychologicalSciencepresents in its inaugural issueguidingprinciples in data sharing, primers, aswell as discus- sionabout sharingdata thatmightcontainsensitive information(Gilmore,Kennedy &Adolph, 2018; Levenstein&Lyle, 2018;Meyer, 2018). Guidelines (e.g., Inter- UniversityConsortiumforPoliticalandSocialResearch,2012)areavailabletoassist researchers in formatting a variety of data types, including qualitative and quanti- tative, for their sharing.And anopen and lively debate is alsowhether researchers or publishers are responsible (or guilty) for (not) sharing their dataMurray-Rust (2008), Molloy (2011), Vision (2010), Boulton, Rawlins, Vallance and Walport (2011), Fecher and Friesike (2014).Wilkinson et al. (2016) recommend for shar- ingofdata that researchers should followtheirproposed“FAIR”principles tomake data:findable, accessible, interoperableand reusable. Second,OpenScienceisalsorequestingthepublicannouncementanddiscussion offutureresearchandits results that includesdiverseoptionssuchaspreregistration ofresearchplansandquestions,preprintsof interimorfinaldraftsofresearchresults andpublicationsandregisteredreportsasacombinationofboth, theresearchdesign and thediscussionof the results.Registered reports are splitting the traditionalpeer review of articles that are undertaken for the publication into two stages: the peer review of the research design before conducting the research and the peer review after thedataanalysis (Chamberset al., 2014).The Lancetwas thefirst journal that introduced a prototype of registered reports, called “protocol review”, in the year 1997 (Horton, 1997) that was ceased after revision in the year 2015 (Chambers, 2019):Theeditorsnotedthegreater importanceofopenaccess toresearchprotocols and encouraged the authors to publish on own institutional websites for general openness(TheLancet,2015).Registeredreportswereintroducedfirst in2013bythe journalCortexandinparallelwitharelatedformatatPerspectivesonPsychological Science (Nosek&Lakens,2014;Chambers,2019).Thenumberof journalsoffering registeredreports increasedquicklyupto108inJune2018and207inOctober2019 (see the current list of journals on: https://cos.io/rr). Open questions and concerns about registered reports areansweredbyChamberset al. (2014). 2.4 TheFuture forOpenScience OpenScience canbe tracedback to theMiddleAges and is currently growing and entering the stage inmany disciplines as introduced above. That is happening, in particular, due to the opportunities that worldwide internet and new technologies, tools andcommunicationchannels areoffering. In thecurrent seconddecadeof the twenty-first century, science is facing the beginning of a post-truth age (Higgins,