Seite - 93 - in Radical Solutions and Open Science - An Open Approach to Boost Higher Education

98 D.Burgos 6.3.5 Entrepreneurship Thecreationofspin-offcompaniesfromuniversities,aswellastheuseofincubators andacceleratorstosupportstart-upsandotherentrepreneurinitiatives, implyadeter- minedsteptowardslinkingthatfantasticuniversity-businessduowhichissoidolised (Aceytuno&Báñez,2008;Shapero&Sokol,1982).Partofanyuniversity’sfunction istocreateknowledgeandprofessionalsthatmaybesatisfactorilyintegratedintothe businessworld,orbetteryet,help to formit.Withoutdramatising it, becausenotall universities shouldbededicated to this singulargoal (forexample, certainHumani- tarianorArtscareers) (Pilegaard&Neergaard,2010),andbecausenotallgraduates should seek the same thing (for example, adult studies due to intellectual concerns ordoubledegreesasacomplement), theenterprisingand integratingfunction in the marketconstitutesanimportantpillarofthemodernuniversityspirit.Andinthatcon- text,technologyandhealthplayakeyrole.Fiftypercentofthe949companiescreated fromuniversitiesinSpainbetween2008and2016aretechnology-based(REDOTRI, 2017; IUNE, 2019); 18%of themare engaged in ICT.The remaining 50%pursue diversenon-technicalactivities (Gómez-Miranda&Román-Martínez,2016).Given these percentages, it is imperative to support technology as the driver, object, and resultof transfer. Ifwefocusononline technology,wefindInternetproductsor ser- vices:communications (voice, text, and images), storage,anti-theft, security, secure transference(e.g.Blockchain),mobilenetworks,etc.Withthisspectrumofpossibil- ities socompletelyenmeshed indaily life, auniversity’sachievement in thesefields is powerfully representedby the influence and success of its technological transfer in the formof thebusinesseswhichareestablished. 6.3.6 SecondaryPublicFunding Considering publicly funded research projects as the onlyway to support lines of work is quite a common problem. The possibility of applying to so many open programs at the European Commission, Mineco, CDTI, regional invitations, and other institutionsmakes itpossible, somewhataccidentally, somewhatpurposefully, tomaintain tasks andperspectiveswithout thepressingneed todiversify theorigin of said funds. Let’susethe7thFrameworkProgramme,from2007to2013,andtheHorizon2020 programme,from2014to2020,asexamples.Bothhavegeneratedprojectsfinanced withe130billion.Europehasinvestedovere191billioninframeworkprogrammes (Fig.6.2)(Feldman&Lichtenberg,2000;Hoekman,Scherngell,Frenken,&Tijssen, 2013) altogether, beginningwith the1st FrameworkProgrammewhichonly lasted fouryears (1984–1987)andwhichcontributede3.75billion. AdetailedanalysisofFrameworkProgrammeVII(FP7),whichallowsustofocus onaclosedandextensivelystudiedcycle,presentsspectacularnumbers:29,000part- ners in 170different countriesfinancedbyEurope, 136,000 applications reviewed,