Seite - 154 - in Radical Solutions and Open Science - An Open Approach to Boost Higher Education

10 MOOCsandOER:DevelopmentsandContributions… 161 gamification,which can be defined as a strategy that consists of the application of playfulandgameresources inaneducationalcontext (Apostol,Zaharescu,&Alexe, 2013,Gallego-Durán,etal.,2014).Severalauthors(Brull&Finlayson,2016;Chang &Wei,2016;Hamarietal.,2016;Hsin,Huang,&Soman,2013)consider thatgam- ification is a strategy that allows contributing to the promotion ofmotivation and interest ofMOOC participants, as well as being an effective tool to generate the necessarycommitment for thecompletionof thecourseand the improvementof the learnings. InthepotentialofMOOCs,therearestill technologiesthatcouldcontributetothe designof thesetrainingandopeneducation.Oneof themis theeducationalplatform “T-Shaped” and the use of the “Internet of Things” to improve the accessibility, scalability and merits of online education (Jeffords et al., 2014). There are also severaltoolstoworkopenknowledge:openplatformsforcoursemanagement,online tagging,blogs,visualizationtechnologiesandopenaccessbooks,onlineexhibitions and institutionalmaterials (Rojeski&Morse,2016). In thefieldofopeneducation,wecanfind threestrategicareas:open innovation, open researchandopenscience. Openinnovationwasbornasanewparadigmofinnovationatthebeginningofthe year2000,whichisopposedtoclosedinnovationinwhichinnovationsonlyemerged withincompanies, since this consists in the free transferofknowledgebetweendif- ferent actors such as universities, companies and thegovernment. It is defined as a newinnovationmodelwhichischaracterizedbybeingdynamicandbasedonknowl- edge (Chesbrough,2012).Open innovation isbasedonhelpingcompanies’ internal innovation through theuseofknowledge inputs andoutputs, using technologies, in order to expand theirmarket and becomemore competitive (Gassmann, Enkel,& Chesbrough,2010;Ramírez-Montoya, 2018;Ramírez-Montoya&García-Peñalvo, 2018).Itcanbesaidthatopeninnovationisanewmodelofinnovationthatconsistsin thegenerationandtransferofknowledge throughcollaborativenetworkswithinand outsideorganizations,with theaimofhelping to improve theproducts andservices theyoffer, that aremorecompetitive. Openresearchprovidespotentialfornewdiscoveriesandsolutionstoglobalprob- lems, so that they automatically extendbeyond the limits of an individual research laboratory.Bynature, theyinvolveandleadtocollaborationamongresearchers.This collaboration shouldbeestablishedat all possible levels: institutional, national and international (Hormia-Poutanen&Forsström, 2016). Concepts such as leadership, interorganizational learning and emphasizing the values of ethics, trust, creativity, honesty or initiative are integrated, which can be as important as—or evenmore than—thequantitativeeconomicconcepts traditional suchasefficiencyor returnon investment (Martin-Rubio,Nogueira,&Llach-Pages,2013). Open science links researchwith academic communication: from publications andresearchdata, tocode,modelsandmethods, aswell asqualityevaluationbased onopenpeerreview.It is themovement thataimstomakescientificresearchandthe disseminationofdataaccessibleatall levels. It implies thepublicationinopen(open access)andthepublicationandreuseofthedatageneratedintheinvestigations(open research data). Participating in open science and sharing publications and research