Seite - 7 - in Clean Water Using Solar and Wind - Outside the Power Grid

Water and energy – for all 7 affordable and reliable. The initial level of electricity consumption should increase over time, in line with economic development and income levels, reflecting the use of additional energy services. (IEA/India, 2015). It is well recognised that economic growth is closely related to access to energy. Electric energy consumption in Africa, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, and in South Asia, is in disturbing contrast to the consumption in high-income countries. In sub-Saharan Africa the annual electric power production averaged 481 kWh/capita in 2012. This should be compared with the OECD average of 7,995 kWh/capita and the global average of 3,126 kWh/capita (Varadi et  al., 2018; World Bank, 2014). The contrast becomes even more upsetting when individual countries are compared, as in Figure 1.1. More details are found in Table 1.1 in Varadi et  al. (2018), using data from the World Bank. sub- Saharan Africa (SSA) is the only region in the world where per capita access is falling (ibid.). Still it should be recognised that around 150 million sub-Saharan Africans have gained access to electricity since the year 2000 (IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), 2016d). 312 310 100 109 70 355 806 167 51 144 99 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 (a) (b) 10,078 15,542 6,938 23000 4,229 13,480 12,987 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 Figure 1.1 The annual electricity consumption (kWh/capita/year) in some countries. Low-income countries (a) are compared with high- income countries (b). Observe that the scaling to the left is more than an order of magnitude smaller than that on the right. Note the differences between Sweden, Norway, US and Canada. In the US and in Canada more natural gas and fossil fuels are used for energy production, while electric power is more widely used in Scandinavia. Data from World Bank (2014). Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520710/wio9781780409443.pdf by IWA Publishing user