Seite - 55 - in Water, Energy, and Environment - A Primer

account for about half of theprojectedgrowth in energydemand through2040andwill remaindominant,althoughenergydemand in transportationwill growmore rapidly. Multiple opportunities exist for the industrial sector to improve its energy efficiency, through performance standards for industrial equipment and improved process design and operating procedures. Such steps have already contributed to a 20% reduction in industrial energy intensity (energy consumed per unit of GDP) between 2000 and 2016. Energy productivity is the inverse of energy intensity and is measured in units of GDPper unit of energy consumed. TheEIAdefines the industrial sector to includemanufacturing (transformation of raw materials into products), agriculture, mining, and construction. For energy purposes it can also be categorized into three different types: energy-intensive manufacturing, non-energy-intensive manufacturing, and non- manufacturing. Figure 5.4 shows a breakdown of US industrial energy consumption in 2016 for subsets of these categories. Given that industry’s appetite for energy continues to be the main driver of overall energy demand, it is not surprising that there have been many studies on how to reduce this demand. Two examples are the Indian report ‘Tips for energy conservation for Industries’ (29) and the2015USDOEreport to Congress ‘Barriers to Industrial Energy Efficiency (30). The DOE report identified barriers in three broad categories: economic and financial, regulatory, and informational. It also identified energy efficiency opportunities and provided specific examples of success. The report concluded that while ‘the industrial sector has shown steadyprogress in improving energy efficiency over the past few decades, and energy efficiency improvements are expected to continue… . There is potential to accelerate the rate of adopting energy efficient technologies and practices that could reduce energy consumption in the industrial sector by an additional 15 to 32%by2025.’ It is also important to note that improved industrial energy efficiency remains the Energyoptions 55