Seite - 307 - in Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change

307 (1998) found that environmentally involved individuals credit intrinsic motivation when explaining the development of competence in both responding to difficulties and interacting effectively with others. There are also intrinsic satisfactions embed- ded in the pursuit of green citizenship (Guckian et  al. 2017; Hamilton et  al. 2018; Wolf 2011). It is indeed fortunate that people are able to derive a deep and direct intrinsic motivation from those behaviours that will need to be commonplace in the future. There is a fascinating technique for focusing people’s attention on the future by increasing their psychological connectedness to their future self (Schelling 1984). Zaval et  al. (2015) were able to increase this connection by having participants write a brief essay about how they wished to be remembered. Envisioning their legacy had the effect of helping people to have a much longer time-horizon and be intrinsi- cally  motivated to pursue environmental stewardship behaviours. Another means of helping people to develop future-oriented competencies is offered by Fredrickson’s Broaden and Build model (1998). This model identifies the behavioural benefits of maintaining a positive emotional state. Fredrickson explored the paradox that while negative emotions are linked to specific action tendencies (e.g. anger promotes urge to attack, guilt leads to desire to make amends) there are no spe- cific behaviours linked to positive emotions. Negative emotions also are known to greatly narrow the scope of attention, the information considered and the capacity for reflection. In contrast, positive emotional states expand cognition; inspire creativity, exploration and the development of future behavioural options. This has the effect of expanding our repertoire of behavioural responses. Fredrickson describes the broad- ening effect as widening the scope of thoughts that come to mind, and the building effect as increasing the resources available for responding (e.g. new plans, strategies, social relationships). Although positive emotional states are transitory, the physical, intellectual and social competencies, and resources built endure. 13.6 Conclusion After having supported the capacity building of future behavioural entrepreneurs, we might imagine how their behaviour change strategies would develop. One vision has them analytically and rationally creating technically efficient responses to the new contexts and then adopting behaviours in well-organised packages having the highest environmental impact. A second vision imagines citizen-artists who have  elegantly crafted lives functioning harmoniously within a diverse social com- munity and vibrant natural environment with patterns of behaviour evolving and interacting beautifully. In the latter vision the slowly adapting structure of everyday life would comprise a behavioural aesthetic resulting in great contentment and sense of accomplishment. These two visions of how behaviour change efforts may unfold are not mutually exclusive. Indeed, a mixture of the two seems plausible within a given community and across time. However, the second vision is much less common among experts 13 Supporting Behavioural Entrepreneurs: Using the  Biodiversity-Health Relationship…