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(1998) found that environmentally involved individuals credit intrinsic motivation
when explaining the development of competence in both responding to difficulties
and interacting effectively with others. There are also intrinsic satisfactions embed-
ded in the pursuit of green citizenship (Guckian et al. 2017; Hamilton et al. 2018;
Wolf 2011). It is indeed fortunate that people are able to derive a deep and direct
intrinsic motivation from those behaviours that will need to be commonplace in the
future.
There is a fascinating technique for focusing people’s attention on the future by
increasing their psychological connectedness to their future self (Schelling 1984).
Zaval etÂ
al. (2015) were able to increase this connection by having participants write
a brief essay about how they wished to be remembered. Envisioning their legacy
had the effect of helping people to have a much longer time-horizon and be intrinsi-
cally motivated to pursue environmental stewardship behaviours.
Another means of helping people to develop future-oriented competencies is
offered by Fredrickson’s Broaden and Build model (1998). This model identifies the
behavioural benefits of maintaining a positive emotional state. Fredrickson explored
the paradox that while negative emotions are linked to specific action tendencies (e.g.
anger promotes urge to attack, guilt leads to desire to make amends) there are no spe-
cific behaviours linked to positive emotions. Negative emotions also are known to
greatly narrow the scope of attention, the information considered and the capacity for
reflection. In contrast, positive emotional states expand cognition; inspire creativity,
exploration and the development of future behavioural options. This has the effect of
expanding our repertoire of behavioural responses. Fredrickson describes the broad-
ening effect as widening the scope of thoughts that come to mind, and the building
effect as increasing the resources available for responding (e.g. new plans, strategies,
social relationships). Although positive emotional states are transitory, the physical,
intellectual and social competencies, and resources built endure.
13.6 Conclusion
After having supported the capacity building of future behavioural entrepreneurs,
we might imagine how their behaviour change strategies would develop. One vision
has them analytically and rationally creating technically efficient responses to the
new contexts and then adopting behaviours in well-organised packages having the
highest environmental impact. A second vision imagines citizen-artists who
have elegantly crafted lives functioning harmoniously within a diverse social com-
munity and vibrant natural environment with patterns of behaviour evolving and
interacting beautifully. In the latter vision the slowly adapting structure of everyday
life would comprise a behavioural aesthetic resulting in great contentment and sense
of accomplishment.
These two visions of how behaviour change efforts may unfold are not mutually
exclusive. Indeed, a mixture of the two seems plausible within a given community
and across time. However, the second vision is much less common among experts
13 Supporting Behavioural Entrepreneurs: Using the Biodiversity-Health Relationship…
Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change
- Title
- Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change
- Authors
- Melissa Marselle
- Jutta Stadler
- Horst Korn
- Katherine Irvine
- Aletta Bonn
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2019
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-030-02318-8
- Size
- 15.5 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 508
- Keywords
- Environment, Environmental health, Applied ecology, Climate change, Biodiversity, Public health, Regional planning, Urban planning
- Categories
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima