Seite - 93 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
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Energies 2016,9, 86
Fordeployingbatteryswappingnetwork infrastructureandbatterymanagement,Mak et al. [46]
developed twodistributionally robust optimizationmodels for the battery swap station location
problemunderambiguous informationondemanddistribution. Adifferentflow-basedmodel for
economicallysitingfast-refuelingstations, suchasbatteryswappingorhydrogenrefillingstations,was
proposedbyWangandLin[47]. Themodelwasformulatedbasedonvehiclerefueling logicwhichcan
ensurethealternativefuelvehiclehassufficientfuel tomovebetweenthenodes,andafeasiblepathcan
thenbeachieved. Themodelcanalsobesolved inonestage, i.e., itdoesnotneedtopre-determine the
feasiblecombinationofstations, like theoriginalFRLMdoes.Moreover, thisapproachdoesnotneed
the fuelorcharge levelaftereachrefuelingorrechargingtobe full, andthushasmoreflexibilitywith
regardtodifferent situations.WangandWang[33]extendedtheaforementionedmodelandproposed
abi-objectivemodel tosimultaneouslyconsider intercity(pathflowdemands)andintra-citytravel (the
nodaldemands). Theflow-basedmodelwasalsoextendedtoconsiderbatteryrechargingefficiencyand
timetolocatesufficientslow-rechargingstationsforelectricscooters travelinginadestinationarea[48].
However, thesepreviousmodels still adoptanapproachfor locatingasinglekindof refuelingstations.
InWangandLin[47], theauthorsextendedthepreviousslow-rechargingstation locationmodelby
considering facility budget constraints,multiple kinds of recharging stations, andvehicle routing
behavior. Theseauthorsalsoproposedmoregeneralizedmodels to locatemultiplekindsof refueling
stations for the (maximal) coverageofbattery (ornon-battery)poweredEVjourneysoneachpath.At
eachsitealongpaths,multiple typesofchargingstations, includingslow-recharging, fast-recharging,
andbatteryexchangestations,wouldbecandidates to locatestationsbasedonconsiderationof the
station locatingcost, rechargingefficiencyandtime,andvehicle routingbehavior. Furthermore, the
available refueling time (also the length of stay) at each site can bedivided into three categories,
includingthesight-seeingorrecreational timeatattractions, thebatteryswitchingtimeatconvenience
stores,andthenormalrefuelingtimeatcommonsites(similar totherefuelingtimeatgasolinestations).
Thisnewproposedmodelwascomparedto thatproducedforsitingasingle typeofrechargingstation.
You andHsieh [49] developed anothermodel to address the problemwhich simultaneously
combines the locations and typesof recharging stations. In this case, theobjectivewas tofind the
optimalorigin-destination tripsandalternative-fuelvehiclekindsof stationssuchthat thenumber
ofpeoplewhocancomplete round-trip itineraries ismaximized. Theseauthorsproposedahybrid
heuristicapproachtosolve thismodel.
Regarding hydrogen-based EVs, Melaina [50] performed a preliminary analysis in order to
estimate the number of initial hydrogen stations required by emulating the existing gasoline
infrastructure. Nicholas et al. [51] used geographical information systems (GIS) tomap stations
to locations.NicholasandOgden[52]basedtheplacementofstationsoncustomerconvenience,which
is taken intoconsiderationbytheaverage travel timeto thenearest station. Schwoon[53]combined
agent-basedtripmodelingandGIStoconstructvarioussnapshotsof the initialhydrogenfillingstation
networkalongGermanyhighways,whileStiller etal. [54]analyzedhydrogenfuelingstations inhighly
populatedregionsandcorridors inEurope.
3.3. CapacityofRechargingStations
Thesizeorcapacityof rechargingstations forEVsaffects the transportationplanning.Usually,
thecapacityof thesestations is limitedandduringaspecifiedtime,astationcannotservemore than
its capacity, especially rechargingstations. Thismeans thatonlyasmallnumberofvehicles canbe
rechargedsimultaneously.Changingthedeparture timesofvehiclesbelongingtoa logisticcompany
mayrequiredifferent times for recharging.Moreover, travelerswhostart their trips indifferent times
mayalsoreachastationatdifferent times. In thespecifiedtimeinwhichvehicles reachastation, if
thestation isoccupied, thevehiclesmustwait inqueues. Therecharge time,capacityofstations,and
waitingare importantproblemsthathavebeenmostlyneglected in theEVsstation location literature.
HosseiniandMirHassani [55] isoneof the fewworks in the literature that considers someof these
issues. Theobjectiveaddressedintheirworkis toestablishastrategicplaninorder tobuildrecharging
93
Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Titel
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Herausgeber
- MDPI
- Ort
- Basel
- Datum
- 2017
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Abmessungen
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Seiten
- 376
- Schlagwörter
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Kategorie
- Technik