Page - 93 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2016,9, 86 Fordeployingbatteryswappingnetwork infrastructureandbatterymanagement,Mak et al. [46] developed twodistributionally robust optimizationmodels for the battery swap station location problemunderambiguous informationondemanddistribution. Adifferentflow-basedmodel for economicallysitingfast-refuelingstations, suchasbatteryswappingorhydrogenrefillingstations,was proposedbyWangandLin[47]. Themodelwasformulatedbasedonvehiclerefueling logicwhichcan ensurethealternativefuelvehiclehassufficientfuel tomovebetweenthenodes,andafeasiblepathcan thenbeachieved. Themodelcanalsobesolved inonestage, i.e., itdoesnotneedtopre-determine the feasiblecombinationofstations, like theoriginalFRLMdoes.Moreover, thisapproachdoesnotneed the fuelorcharge levelaftereachrefuelingorrechargingtobe full, andthushasmoreflexibilitywith regardtodifferent situations.WangandWang[33]extendedtheaforementionedmodelandproposed abi-objectivemodel tosimultaneouslyconsider intercity(pathflowdemands)andintra-citytravel (the nodaldemands). Theflow-basedmodelwasalsoextendedtoconsiderbatteryrechargingefficiencyand timetolocatesufficientslow-rechargingstationsforelectricscooters travelinginadestinationarea[48]. However, thesepreviousmodels still adoptanapproachfor locatingasinglekindof refuelingstations. InWangandLin[47], theauthorsextendedthepreviousslow-rechargingstation locationmodelby considering facility budget constraints,multiple kinds of recharging stations, andvehicle routing behavior. Theseauthorsalsoproposedmoregeneralizedmodels to locatemultiplekindsof refueling stations for the (maximal) coverageofbattery (ornon-battery)poweredEVjourneysoneachpath.At eachsitealongpaths,multiple typesofchargingstations, includingslow-recharging, fast-recharging, andbatteryexchangestations,wouldbecandidates to locatestationsbasedonconsiderationof the station locatingcost, rechargingefficiencyandtime,andvehicle routingbehavior. Furthermore, the available refueling time (also the length of stay) at each site can bedivided into three categories, includingthesight-seeingorrecreational timeatattractions, thebatteryswitchingtimeatconvenience stores,andthenormalrefuelingtimeatcommonsites(similar totherefuelingtimeatgasolinestations). Thisnewproposedmodelwascomparedto thatproducedforsitingasingle typeofrechargingstation. You andHsieh [49] developed anothermodel to address the problemwhich simultaneously combines the locations and typesof recharging stations. In this case, theobjectivewas tofind the optimalorigin-destination tripsandalternative-fuelvehiclekindsof stationssuchthat thenumber ofpeoplewhocancomplete round-trip itineraries ismaximized. Theseauthorsproposedahybrid heuristicapproachtosolve thismodel. Regarding hydrogen-based EVs, Melaina [50] performed a preliminary analysis in order to estimate the number of initial hydrogen stations required by emulating the existing gasoline infrastructure. Nicholas et al. [51] used geographical information systems (GIS) tomap stations to locations.NicholasandOgden[52]basedtheplacementofstationsoncustomerconvenience,which is taken intoconsiderationbytheaverage travel timeto thenearest station. Schwoon[53]combined agent-basedtripmodelingandGIStoconstructvarioussnapshotsof the initialhydrogenfillingstation networkalongGermanyhighways,whileStiller etal. [54]analyzedhydrogenfuelingstations inhighly populatedregionsandcorridors inEurope. 3.3. CapacityofRechargingStations Thesizeorcapacityof rechargingstations forEVsaffects the transportationplanning.Usually, thecapacityof thesestations is limitedandduringaspecifiedtime,astationcannotservemore than its capacity, especially rechargingstations. Thismeans thatonlyasmallnumberofvehicles canbe rechargedsimultaneously.Changingthedeparture timesofvehiclesbelongingtoa logisticcompany mayrequiredifferent times for recharging.Moreover, travelerswhostart their trips indifferent times mayalsoreachastationatdifferent times. In thespecifiedtimeinwhichvehicles reachastation, if thestation isoccupied, thevehiclesmustwait inqueues. Therecharge time,capacityofstations,and waitingare importantproblemsthathavebeenmostlyneglected in theEVsstation location literature. HosseiniandMirHassani [55] isoneof the fewworks in the literature that considers someof these issues. Theobjectiveaddressedintheirworkis toestablishastrategicplaninorder tobuildrecharging 93