Seite - 141 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2016,9, 563 The motor shown in Figure A4 is powered by the AC current, delivered from the power electronics thatconverts theDCcurrentsuppliedbythebattery.As thedriverpresses theaccelerator pedal, a corresponding“torquedemand” signal is convertedby thevehicle control unit (VCU) to anappropriatesignal for themotorcontrolunit (powerelectronics),which in turntransformsit into acurrent frequencysignal. Themotor controlunit (MCU) is incorporatedwitha thermalderating system inorder to limit the torquedemand receivedby thepower electronics and toprevent any critical operating conditions for themotor. The assignedpowertrain can accelerate the vehicle to amaximumspeedof120km/h. FigureA4.Thebasicdrive train topologyof theMercedesA-Class researchvehicle [30]. References 1. Wijewardana, S.; Vepa, R.; Shaheed,M.H.Dynamic battery cellmodel and state of charge estimation. J.PowerSources2016,308, 109–120. [CrossRef] 2. DoppebatteryModel 2auer,M.Hybrid andElectricVehicles—LectureNotes; ETI-HEV,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology:Karlsruhe,Germany,2014. 3. Ivers-Tiffee, E. Batteries and Fuel Cells—Lecture Notes; IWE, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology: Karlsruhe,Germany,2012. 4. Illig, J.PhysicallyBased ImpedanceModellingofLithium-IonCells. Ph.D.Thesis,Karlsruhe Instituteof Technology,Karlsruhe,Germany,2014. 5. Tremblay,O.; Dessaint, L.-A. Experimental validation of a battery dynamicmodel for EVapplications. WorldElectr.Veh. J.2009,3, 1–10. 6. Padhi,A.K.;Nanjundaswamy,K.S.;Goodenough, J.B.D.Phospho-olivinesaspositive-electrodematerials for rechargeable lithiumbatteries. J.Electrochem. Soc. 1997,144, 1188–1194. [CrossRef] 7. ValenceTechnology.U-Charge®XPRev2UserManual;ValenceTechnology, Inc.:Austin,TX,USA,2011. 8. Lin,N.;Ci, S.;Li,H.Anenhancedcircuit-basedbatterymodelwithconsiderationsof temperatureeffect. InProceedingsof the2014 IEEEEnergyConversionCongressandExposition(ECCE),Pittsburgh,PA,USA, 14–18September2014;pp.3985–3989. 9. Doyle,M.;Fuller,T.F.;Newman, J.Modelingofgalvanostatic chargeanddischargeof the lithium/polymer/ insertioncell. J.Electrochem. Soc. 1993,140, 1526–1533. [CrossRef] 10. Dees, D.W.; Battaglia, V.S.; Bélanger, A. Electrochemical modeling of lithium polymer batteries. J.PowerSources2002,110, 310–320. [CrossRef] 11. He,H.;Xiong,R.;Guo,H.;Li, S.Comparisonstudyonthebatterymodelsusedfor theenergymanagement ofbatteries inelectricvehicles.EnergyConvers.Manag. 2012,64, 113–121. [CrossRef] 141