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(see [13]) fell from the Hualcan glacier into the reservoir 513. The generated wave height over the natural dam of this event was estimated between 5 and 6 m causing downstream inundations and small damages (see [13] and [14]). According to [13], this event occurred when the reservoir had a free board of 20.0 m. According to the model, the 18 selected blocks generate wave heights above the dam crest between 0 and 45 m. The simulated detachment of an entire group of ice blocks resulted in similar wave heights as for individual blocks. Although block B-16 does not to generate a overtopping, this block also was considered in the detailed simulation due to its proximity to the reservoir. Based on this pre-assessment, 6 most important individual blocks were investigated in more detail (Fig. 5 – blocks marked red). Fig. 5 Wave height above the dam crest applying tool from [12] Hauteur des vagues au-dessus de crête du barrage avec l’outil selon [11] 3.2. APPLIED MODEL & DETAILED SIMULATION PROCEDURE For the detailed investigation, a 2D numerical simulation was applied with different scenarios to maintain the operation of the reservoir and at the same time to mitigate the risk of downstream damages due to a glacier block impact and resulting GLOF. The complete process chain of the impact events based on the crated DEM (satellite-, bathymetric- and drone topography) was simulated with a 2-dimensional hydrodynamic model (HYDRO_AS-2D (Hydrotec, Germany)), which is based on the shallow-water equations (depth-averaged) for free surface flow using the Finite-Volume-Discretization. For each selected ice block, (see Fig. 5) the simulation was carried out following a 3-step approach: (Step 1) Pre-simulations to model the sliding phase, (Step 2) Main simulation to model the impact phase, the wave propagation in the reservoir and the wave run-up at the dam, and (Step 3) Iterative simulations to estimate the required reduction of the reservoir water level to prevent overtopping including a variation of the block volumes Sliding path, impact velocity and impact direction were determined in the pre-simulation (Step 1). To be on the conservative side, the main simulation 586
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Book of Full Papers Symposium Hydro Engineering
Title
Book of Full Papers
Subtitle
Symposium Hydro Engineering
Author
Gerald Zenz
Publisher
Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz
Location
Graz
Date
2018
Language
English
License
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
ISBN
978-3-85125-620-8
Size
20.9 x 29.6 cm
Pages
2724
Keywords
Hydro, Engineering, Climate Changes
Categories
International
Naturwissenschaften Physik
Technik
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