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be accepted as ameasure of success, then OH is an appropriate tool that can be combinedwith other techniques to evaluate impact. 17.7 Conclusions In the early-mid stages of the program’s implementation, interviewswith someof the 80 + professionals involved in the Drought NLTA, have revealed the key constraints and challenges to improving droughtmanagement inBrazil. The find- ings, reported in items 5 and 6 above, show that the initiative is contributing to address someof thereportedchallenges thatBrazilpersistently faces inproactively managingdroughts. The program is contributing significantly to both institutional and technical upgrades for better droughtmanagement, and two years after the beginning of its implementation, there is evidenceof its influence.Thisevidencehasbeenobtained by implementing a combined PM&E approach, originally piloted by the WBI, which was designed to capture the complexity of institutional and behavioral changes evident in the Drought NLTA.While the methodology has some chal- lenges and limitations, it has proven itself as an effective tool for understanding drought and climate change resilience and adaptation. References Earl, S., Carden, F.,&Smutylo, T. (2001).Outcomemapping: Building learning and reflection into development programs.Ottawa: IDRC. Gold, J. (2013).Real-time learning inprojects:Outcomemanagement fromdesign tocompletion. TheWorldBank Institute. Slides. Gold, J. (2014).Guide for analyzing and learning from outcomes: Making sense of collected outcome information to improve development results. Washington, DC: The World Bank Institute. Ministe´rio da Integrac¸~ao Nacional (MI) e Instituto Interamericano de Cooperac¸~ao para a Agricultura (IICA). (2013). EstudosReferentes aoDiagno´stico da Polı´tica nacional de Secas noBrasil:Relato´rioContendoDiagno´sticoeEmbasamentoparaaFormulac¸~aodeumaPolı´tica Nacional deSecas noBrasil.Consultor,Otamar deCarvalho. Otoo, S., Agapitova, N., &Behrens, J. (2009). The capacity development results framework: A strategic and results-oriented approach to learning for capacity development. Washignton, DC:TheWorldBank. Wilhite, D. A. (2011, July 14–15). National drought policies: Addressing impacts and societal vulnerability. InTowardsacompendiumonnationaldroughtpolicy:ProceedingsofanExpert Meeting,Washington,DC. Wilson-Grau, R., & Britt, H. (2012). Outcome harvesting. MENA Office, Ford Foundation. Available at http://www.outcomemapping.ca/resource/outcome-harvesting WorldBank. (2014a).Turndowntheheat:Confronting thenewclimatenormal.Washington,DC: WorldBank. 17 Drought PreparednessPolicies andClimateChangeAdaptation andResilience. . . 325