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might create acceptability. Regarding the wicked problem of the storage and disposal of nuclear waste a broad and open debate as well as an early involvement of stakeholders and the interested public might help to open-up new perspectives. Participation needs to be directed towards codetermination in terms of a higher level of participation as is described in Arnsteins’ ‘ladder of participation’ (1969) with ‘partnership’ or even ‘delegated power’. Reversibility and the recurrent validation of possible alternatives should as well be part of robust nuclear waste governance. The StandAG including the NBG is one step towards a more participatory approach, but still more work has to be done in order to base discourses on an equal footing and integrate findings of participatory elements in decision-making. Therefore, a clear concept of the participatory process is needed, which is one of the main tasks of the BfE that includes a validation of alternatives and of course how findings of participatory processes will be integrated in decision-making on nuclear waste governance with regard to democratic structures and for a long time period. References Alcantara, Sophia, Bach, Nicolas, Kuhn, Rainer and Ullrich, Peter (Eds.) (2016), Demokratietheorie und Partizipationspraxis: Analyse und Anwendungspotentiale deliberativer Verfahren. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. Andersson, Kjell, Westerlind, Magnus and Atherton, Elizabeth, Besnus, Francois, Chataîgnier, Stéphane, Engström, Saida, Espejo, Raul, Hicks, Tim, Hedberg, Björn, Hunt, Jane, Laciok, Ales, Leskinen, Antti, Lilja, Christina, O’Donoghue, Mike, Pierlot, Sandrine, Wene, Clas-Otto, Vira, Juhani and Yearsley, Roger (2003), Transparency and Public Participation in Radioactive Waste Management. RISCOM II Final Report. https://www.stralsakerhetsmyndigheten.se/contentassets/ 875908ece0364f338ecaa174c0 031529/200408-transparency-and-public-participation-in- radioactive-waste-management- pdf-575-kb [downloaded 15 April 2018] Arnstein, Shally R. (1969), ‘A Ladder of Citizen Participation’, Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35 (4): 216–224. Benighaus, Christina, Wachinger, Gisela and Renn, Ortwin (2016), Bürgerbeteiligung: Konzepte und Lösungswege für die Praxis, Frankfurt/Main: Wolfgang Metzner Verlag. Bergmans, Anne, Sundquist, Göran, Kos, Drago and Simmons, Peter (2015), ‘The Participatory Turn in Radioactive Waste Management: Deliberation and the Sociotechnical Divide’, Journal of Risk Research 18 (3): 347–363. BfE (2017), Grundsätze für eine gemeinsame Organisationskultur. English: Principles of a Corporate Organisational Culture (unpublished document), Berlin. Biegelbauer, Peter and Hansen, Janus (2011), ‘Democratic Theory and Citizen Participation: Democracy Models in the Evaluation of Public Participation in Science and Technology’, Science and Public Policy 38 (8): 589–597. Blowers, Andrew and Sundqvist, Göran (2010), ‘Radioactive Waste Management – Technocratic Dominance in an Age of Participation’, Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences 7 (3): 149–155. BMJV (2017), ‘Gesetz zur Suche und Auswahl eines Standortes für ein Endlager für hochradioaktive Abfälle (Standortauswahlgesetz – StandAG)’, Berlin. https://www.gesetze-im- internet.de/standag_2017/BJNR107410017.html [downloaded 14 March 2018] 192