Page - 87 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2016,9, 86 Figure1.Evolutionofelectricvehicle (EV)relatedpublications inScopus-indexed journals. Table1.OpenOperationsResearch/ComputerScience (OR/CS)researchchallengesassociatedwith theuseofEVs. Dimension Researchchallenges Environmental (1) Includingthecostofexternalities (noise,airpollution, infrastructurewear, etc.) inL&Tactivities. (2)Analyzinghowthe increasinguseofEVsreduces theenvironmental impactof L&Tactivities. Exploringnewenvironmentally-sustainableyetefficientwaysof doingfreightdeliveries inurbanareas. Inparticular, consideringenergycostand carbonfootprint inVehicleRoutingProblems. Studyingtheenvironmental costof manufacturingEVsaswellasproducingtheenergyneededtopower them. (3)MeasuringtheeffectofusingsmallEVs(e.g., electricbikes,drones, etc.) to performurbanlastmiledistribution. StrategicandPlanning (1)AnalyzingdifferentEVrelatedtechnologiesandinfrastructures (e.g., standard EVvs.hydrogenvehicles). (2)Computingthenecessaryrechargingstations,both forstandardEVsaswellas forhydrogenvehicles,andanalyzingtheir integration in the transportnetwork, i.e., numberandtypeofstations, location, capacity, etc. (3)DeterminingtheoptimalcombinationofEVsandinternalcombustionengine vehicles (fleet sizeandmixproblem). Inparticular,developingnewoptimization approaches for theFleetSizeandMixVehicleRoutingProblem. (4)Exploringpotentialusesof renewably-generatedelectricity topower hydrogenvehicles. (5)Quantifyingthebenefitsofhorizontal cooperationamongstakeholdersofEV fleets (e.g.,fleetmanager,automanufacturer, electricitysupplier, etc.). Operational (1)Analyzingthe impactofEVsrechargingtimes inVehicleRoutingProblems with time-relatedconstraints. (2)Comparingbatteryswappingvs.batteryrechargingstrategies, andproposing therightcombinationofboth. Inparticularcomparingthesestrategies inVehicle RoutingProblemswithEVs. (3)Considering thenewissuesderivedfromthedriving-range limitationsofEVs. Inparticular,developingnewoptimizationapproaches for theVehicleRouting Problemwithmultipledriving-rangeconstraints. The remainderof thispaper is structuredas follows: Section2 reviewsandanalyzes someof theenvironmental issues related to theuseofEVs. Section3buildsonSection2and identifies the mainstrategicandplanningchallengesrelatedto the introductionofEVs in“green”L&Tactivities. Section4extendsSections 2and3by focusingonhowthe introductionofhybridfleetswithboth ICEVsandEVs imposesnewoperationalchallengesandexploringopportunitiesonthepopularVRP. Section5pointsoutsomenewsolvingapproaches thatallowfacingthesechallenges inanefficient 87