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Energies 2017,10, 1314
about500km,sohavingacomparablebatterycapacityasaTeslaofabout75–90kWhwill significantly
speedup the adoption of EVs. To implement such batteries their energy density has to increase
significantly, sincebatterywithsuchhighenergycontentare to large tofit insmall citycars.
Table2.Overviewofmostsoldhybridelectricvehicles in2016 inEurope(10mostpopular).
VehicleSegment Brand Model ModelYear BatteryEnergyContent
Range(kWh)
(km)
Medium-Large VW PassatGTE 2015 9,9 50
Mitsubishi OutlanderPHEV 2013 12 52
Volvo XC90PHEV 2015 9,2 40
Mercedes GLC350e 2016 8,7 34
BMW 225xeActiveTourer 2015 7,6 41
Mercedes C350e 2015 6,5 31
BMW 330e 2015 7,6 40
BMW X540e 2015 9 31
Audi A3e-Tron 2014 9 50
BMW i3rangeextended 2013 22 320
Average 18.2 153
Median 9 41
2.3. ElectricVehiclePredictionUpto2030
Thefollowingparagraphwillmakeapredictionof theglobalsalesofelectric,hybrid, classical
combustionenginevehiclesaswellasother typesofvehiclessuchascompressednaturalgas (CNG),
liquefiedpetroleumgas (LPG), fuel cells vehicles,whichwill be combined in the categoryothers.
Baseduponaliteraturereview[16–21]apredictionof thetechnologysplit isshowninFigure1. In2015
theglobal salesarestilldominated(99.3%)bytheclassical combustionengine(ICE)basedvehicles,
evenby2030moreICEthanelectricvehiclesaresoldhowever itsdominancedecreasessignificantly.
Dueto the increasingeffortof theautomotivemanufacturersmoreandmoreHEVandBEVmodels
areavailableon themarket, increasing thechoice for consumers,whichwasquite limitedup to in
thepast. In203025%ofallvehiclessoldwillbeeither fullyelectricorhybrid, requiringanenormous
amount of batteries. Toget a better ideaof thequantities this analysis is expandedby combining
thepreviousfigurewith theexpectedglobal salesofvehiclespredictionsworldwide,whichcanbe
seen in Figure 2. Only limited sources are available in literature [22–28]whichpredict the global
salesupto2030. Therefore itwasoptedtomakeapredictionbaseduponthesales in thepast,more
specifically theglobalsalesbetween2010and2015wereanalyzed[28]. Sinceonlyasmallperiodof
time isanalyzeda linearapproximation isused,predicting in2020,2025,2030receptively107,122and
138millionvehicles soldyearly. The linearapproximationcanbeclearlyseen in the increaseof the
totalamountofvehicles sold,Figure2. Thepeakof ICEvehicleswillbereached in2020withasalesof
more than100millions. By2030roughly10millionBEVsand20millionHEVswillbesoldonayearly.
Whenassuming75–90kWhisneededforBEV,HEVwill requirehalfof thecapacity roughly23billion
kWhofbatteryarerequiredyearlywhich isavery largepotentialmarket forbatterymanufactures.
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Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Title
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Editor
- MDPI
- Location
- Basel
- Date
- 2017
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Size
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Pages
- 376
- Keywords
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Category
- Technik