Page - 106 - in Formula Composition and Manipulation in Educational Programming Languages for Children and Teenagers

Table of contents

1. List of Tables iv
2. List of Figures v
3. Introduction 1
   1. Smartphone Penetration 2
   2. Problem Statement 3
      1. Pocket Code 4
      2. Formula Manipulation 6
   3. Contribution of the Thesis 9
   4. Thesis Outline 9
4. RelatedWork 11
   1. Research on Visual Programming Languages 11
      1. Algebraic Specification 14
      2. Language Comparison and Evaluation 18
   2. Programming Education 19
      1. Teaching Systems 19
      2. Constructionism 21
      3. Metaphor 22
      4. Educational Programming Languages and Environments 23
         1. Logo and Its Descendants 23
         2. Rule-based Systems 28
         3. Mobile App Programming Environments 33
5. Theoretical Background 37
   1. Attributes 38
   2. Evaluation Methods 40
   3. Heuristic Evaluation 41
      1. Evaluators 42
      2. Heuristics 43
      3. Usability Issues and Ratings 45
      4. Advantages and Disadvantages 46
   4. Usability Testing 47
      1. Test Plan 47
      2. Test types 48
      3. Sampling 49
      4. Tasks 50
      5. Quality of Testing 50
      6. Measuring the User Experience 50
         1. Quantitative Data 51
         2. Self-Reported Data 53
         3. Behavioral and Physiological Metrics 56
         4. Single Usability Metric 59
   5. Method Triangulation 59
   6. Children and Teenagers 60
      1. Designing for Children 60
      2. Usability Evaluations 63
         1. Age Ranges 64
         2. Guidelines 65
      3. Teenagers 66
   7. Mobile Devices 67
      1. People At the Centre of Mobile Application Development 68
      2. Interaction Mode 69
      3. Operating System Guidelines 70
      4. Children and Mobile Devices 71
      5. Mobile Usability Testing 72
6. Usability Evaluation 75
   1. Heuristic Evaluation of Pocket Code 75
      1. Evaluators 75
      2. Heuristics 76
      3. Results 78
   2. Summative Usability Study 89
      1. Formula Manipulation in Scratch 89
      2. Procedure and Data Collection 91
         1. Participants 94
         2. Pilot 97
         3. Training Sessions 97
         4. Tasks 98
         5. Questionnaires 107
      3. Results 108
         1. Effectiveness 108
         2. Efficiency 109
         3. Questionnaires 111
         4. Single Usability Score and Preference Data 111
         5. Eye Tracking 115
         6. Issues and Interpretation 121
         7. Validity 129
   3. Recommendations 130
7. Conclusion and FutureWork 138
8. Bibliography 141
9. Appendix 142
   1. Pre Test Questionnaire 143
   2. Tasks German 148
   3. Post Test Questionnaire 149
10. iii