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further increasing the targets laid down inDirectives 2008/98/EC, 94/62/EC and
1999/31/EC for re-use and recycling of municipal and packaging waste, starting
withwaste streamswhichcanbeeasily recycled (e.g. plastics,metals, glass, paper,
wood, bio-waste)” [31, p. 9]. With regard to the directive on packaging and
packaging waste [21], Article 6 should be amended as follows: “by the end of
2020, the followingminimumtargets forpreparing for re-useand recyclingwill be
met regarding the following specificmaterials contained in packagingwaste: 45%
ofplastic [. . .]andbytheendof2025, thefollowingminimumtargets forpreparing
for reuse and recycling will be met regarding the following specific materials
contained inpackagingwaste: 60%ofplastic” [31, p. 23].Concerning the amend-
mentof thedirectiveon the landfill ofwaste [30], theproposal aimsatphasingout
landfillingby2025 for recyclablewaste, includingplastics, innonhazardouswaste
landfills. It is also said that “littering, especially of plastic, has a direct and
detrimental impacton theenvironment andhighclean-upcosts are anunnecessary
economic burden. The introduction of specific measures in waste management
plans,financial support fromproducerswithin theextendedproducer responsibility
schemes, and proper enforcement from the competent authorities should help
eradicate this problem” [31, p. 11].
CircularEconomyPackage
Thediscussiononresourceefficiencyandwastereductionoftenrefers toasystemic
changefromalinear toacirculareconomymodel (see [32]). In2015, theEuropean
CommissionadoptedaCircularEconomyPackagewithfiveprioritysectors,among
othersplastics. It should“stimulateEurope’s transition towardsacirculareconomy
[. . .]where resources areused inamore sustainableway” [33,p. 1].Theproposed
actionswill contribute to “closing the loop”ofproduct life cycles fromproduction
andconsumptiontowastemanagementandthemarket forsecondaryrawmaterials.
Concerning the future work on the circular economy, the European Commission
schedules a strategy to incentivize plastic recycling (“plastic circular economy
strategy”) for the followingyears [34].
IndustrialEmissionsDirective
In general, the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) [35] aims at preventing,
controlling, and reducing the impact of industrial emissions on the environment
(air,water, and land) ensuringahigh level of protection for theenvironment taken
as a whole. According to this directive, the guiding principle of sustainable pro-
duction shall bedeveloped further. For this purpose, an integrative approach takes
into account not only pollution emissions but also all production processes to
reduce the consumption of resources and energy as well as the environmental
damage caused by operation and post-closure of an industrial plant. For this, best
available techniques have to be applied. In Annex I, categories of industrial
activities giving rise to pollution are listed including the production of organic
chemicals, such as plasticmaterials (polymers, synthetic fibers).
250 N.Brennholt et al.
Freshwater Microplastics
Emerging Environmental Contaminants?
- Title
- Freshwater Microplastics
- Subtitle
- Emerging Environmental Contaminants?
- Authors
- Martin Wagner
- Scott Lambert
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2018
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-61615-5
- Size
- 15.5 x 24.1 cm
- Pages
- 316
- Categories
- Naturwissenschaften Chemie