Seite - 250 - in Freshwater Microplastics - Emerging Environmental Contaminants?

further increasing the targets laid down inDirectives 2008/98/EC, 94/62/EC and 1999/31/EC for re-use and recycling of municipal and packaging waste, starting withwaste streamswhichcanbeeasily recycled (e.g. plastics,metals, glass, paper, wood, bio-waste)” [31, p. 9]. With regard to the directive on packaging and packaging waste [21], Article 6 should be amended as follows: “by the end of 2020, the followingminimumtargets forpreparing for re-useand recyclingwill be met regarding the following specificmaterials contained in packagingwaste: 45% ofplastic [. . .]andbytheendof2025, thefollowingminimumtargets forpreparing for reuse and recycling will be met regarding the following specific materials contained inpackagingwaste: 60%ofplastic” [31, p. 23].Concerning the amend- mentof thedirectiveon the landfill ofwaste [30], theproposal aimsatphasingout landfillingby2025 for recyclablewaste, includingplastics, innonhazardouswaste landfills. It is also said that “littering, especially of plastic, has a direct and detrimental impacton theenvironment andhighclean-upcosts are anunnecessary economic burden. The introduction of specific measures in waste management plans,financial support fromproducerswithin theextendedproducer responsibility schemes, and proper enforcement from the competent authorities should help eradicate this problem” [31, p. 11]. CircularEconomyPackage Thediscussiononresourceefficiencyandwastereductionoftenrefers toasystemic changefromalinear toacirculareconomymodel (see [32]). In2015, theEuropean CommissionadoptedaCircularEconomyPackagewithfiveprioritysectors,among othersplastics. It should“stimulateEurope’s transition towardsacirculareconomy [. . .]where resources areused inamore sustainableway” [33,p. 1].Theproposed actionswill contribute to “closing the loop”ofproduct life cycles fromproduction andconsumptiontowastemanagementandthemarket forsecondaryrawmaterials. Concerning the future work on the circular economy, the European Commission schedules a strategy to incentivize plastic recycling (“plastic circular economy strategy”) for the followingyears [34]. IndustrialEmissionsDirective In general, the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) [35] aims at preventing, controlling, and reducing the impact of industrial emissions on the environment (air,water, and land) ensuringahigh level of protection for theenvironment taken as a whole. According to this directive, the guiding principle of sustainable pro- duction shall bedeveloped further. For this purpose, an integrative approach takes into account not only pollution emissions but also all production processes to reduce the consumption of resources and energy as well as the environmental damage caused by operation and post-closure of an industrial plant. For this, best available techniques have to be applied. In Annex I, categories of industrial activities giving rise to pollution are listed including the production of organic chemicals, such as plasticmaterials (polymers, synthetic fibers). 250 N.Brennholt et al.