Page - xv - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

Fig. 5.1 A schematic diagram illustrating a spectrum of views on L&D identified byBoyd et al. (2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Fig. 5.2 A conceptual causal network illustratingmultiple potential “causal chains”betweenanthropogenicchanges inGHGsand aerosols, climate andweather, and L&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Fig. 5.3 Example of a simplified detection and attribution study for global temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Fig. 5.4 A schematic illustration of the probability distribution of a climate variable (such as temperature or precipitation) with andwithout human influence on climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Fig. 5.5 Schematic illustration of the assessment by theNational Academy of Sciences of the state of attribution science for different types of extremeweather events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Fig. 5.6 Schematic diagram from the IPCCWGII Chap. 18 on detection and attribution of observed impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Fig. 5.7 An analysis byHansen and Stone, revisiting impacts in the IPCCWGII report to assess whether they can be linked to anthropogenic forcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Fig. 5.8 Sensitivity of estimated contributions to globalmean surface temperature increase to the choice of forcing components included in attribution analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Fig. 5.9 Map demonstrating the location ofweather stations in the Global Historical ClimatologyNetwork, as well as the number of detected impacts reported in the IPCCAR5 for Annex I countries, Non-Annex I countries, and regions not party to theUNFCCC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Fig. 6.1 Timeline of L&Dmilestones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Fig. 6.2 TheWIM in theUNFCCC architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Fig. 6.3 Evolution of Party groupings/coalitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Fig. 8.1 Cases and categories of NELD as reported in the literature published by 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Fig. 9.1 Conceptual framework for understanding the role of ecosystem services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Fig. 9.2 Temperature change indegreesCelsiusperdecade from1951 to 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Fig. 9.3 Coefficient of variation of rainfall from 1951 to 2013 . . . . . . . 228 Fig. 9.4 Difference in the number of years that received adequate rainfall for sorghum andmillet (1990–2009 compared to 1950–1969) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Fig. 9.5 The drying of LakeChad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Fig. 9.6 Flooding in the peanut basin south ofKaolack, Senegal (September 2007). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 xvi List of Figures