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1 Science forLossandDamage.FindingsandPropositions 19
ofL&Dfinance needs.AnilMarkandya andMikelGonzález-Eguino presentwhat
we can learn about possible L&Dfinance needed from an economic angle in the
chapter on Integrated Assessment for Identifying Climate Finance Needs for
Loss and Damage: A Critical Review. This economic perspective presents and
critically reviewsamethodologicalapproach thatbuildsoneconomicrationality for
modellingmarket-based andmonetised risks, and actual and perceived trade-offs
between investment into income-generatingactions, climatemitigationandadapta-
tion. Specifically, the authors present estimates usingEconomic IntegratedAssess-
mentModelling (EIAM),which calculates economically optimal responses to cli-
mate change mitigation and adaptation in terms of maximising welfare (GDP) a
fewdecades into the future. Interpretingmodelled residual damages as unavoided
lossesanddamages,anumberofimplicationsemergefromtheanalysis.Theauthors
emphasise thatuncertaintiesarevery largeandanymeaningfulprojectionsof resid-
ual damages in themedium to long term are currently not feasible. Furthermore,
residualdamagesarefoundtostronglyvarybyregionaswellasbyclimatescenario.
Overall, the chapter finds residual damages to appear significant under a variety of
models, and for a range of climate scenarios for both developing and developed
countries.
1.4.4 GeographicPerspectivesandCases
Manychaptersinthisvolumecontextualisetheirdiscussionsandfindingswithexam-
plesofplace-basedinsight.Thesectionongeographicperspectivesandcasesfocuses
strongly on local experience in relation to L&D. Small Island Developing States
(SIDS),beinghighlyvulnerabletoclimatechangedueto,amongothersimpacts,sea-
level rise andassociatedconsequences, started thediscussiononL&Dandarevery
vocal in thedebate. JohnHandmerandJohannaNalau localise theglobaldebateby
focusingonPacificSIDSintheircontributiononUnderstandingLossandDamage
in Pacific Small Island Developing States. Specifically, the authors provide com-
mentary regarding the risk and options space (as discussed in Schinko et al. 2018
andMechlerandSchinko2016) in theWesternPacificSIDScontext,particularly in
Vanuatu,wheremanyofthelivelihoodactivitiesaresubsistence-based,reliantonthe
currentclimateanditsvariability,andalreadyseriouslydisruptedbyextremeweather
events.As the authors show, for some low-lying island states climate changeposes
an existential threat, and the region is increasingly recognised as one that ismost
immediately vulnerable to potentialmassmigration and relocation due to climate
change.Theauthors thusfindtheoptions-policyspaceforSIDSveryconstrainedas
demonstratedthroughevidenceonsoft(intolerablerisk)andhardlimits(irreversible
high-level risk).Theauthors concludewith aproposal tomainstreamL&Daspects
intosectoralpoliciesandstrategies inPacificSIDSinorder tobettermanagethesoft
limits andunderstandanyhard limits that couldaffectvulnerablecommunities.
Migrationanddisplacementdrivenbyclimate-relatedimpactsandrisksisareality
in thePacific andother regions.The chapter onClimate Migration and Cultural
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Title
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Subtitle
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Authors
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2019
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Size
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 580
- Keywords
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Categories
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima