Page - 30 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

30 R.Mechler et al. riskmanagement approach accompanied by other risk reduction andmanagement strategies in international cooperationprogramsandprojects (Schäfer et al. 2018). Proposition 5 Policy deliberations have exhibited characteristics of a win-lose negotiation “game.” Amore inclusive narrative highlighting collective ambition, mutualbenefitsand the roleof transformationcanpointaway forward. TheL&Ddiscourse has exhibited strong ethical and legal undertones appealing to standards shared or agreed beyond the UNFCCC context, such as demanding redistribution for harmvia international customary law.While it is useful to prove the need for action on L&Dby appealing tomoral standards recognised by both contendingparties ininternationalarenas,achangeofnarrativemaybeconduciveto achievingcollectiveactionandtoavoid turning the issue intoawin-losenegotiation “game” (chapterbyCalliari et al. 2018). Withevidence that climate impactsand risksarealsostronglyaffecting industri- alisedcountriesdirectly(e.g.,Arctic)andindirectly(e.g., throughmigration), itmay be fruitful to frame thedebate in termsof thebenefits that actingonadaptationand its possible limits and failures could bring for developed countries.Considerations could range fromworking towardsmore resilient global supply chains to gaining support for climatedisplacement and refugees.Exploringmutual gainswould con- tribute tobolstering collective actiononan issueof commonconcern, aswell as to elevate andbetter integrateL&Dintoother climate negotiation agenda items, such ascapacitybuilding, technologyand theglobal stocktake. A general and joint entry point is the SDG agenda, essentially supportingUN member states’ transformation around a set of global developmental goals. The SDGs,passedin2015,constituteauniversal setof17goalsand169targetsdefining developmentaspirationandideally,collective transformationforall signatorycoun- tries (UN2015). The SDGdebate casts an integrated and unifying perspective on development. Integrated—as it requiresa synergistic lookacross thesebroaddevel- opment goals, and unifying—as it involves all signatories (Dodds andDonoghue 2016). Risk is fundamental inmany regards. There are down-side risks (disasters andclimate-related impacts as at theheatof theL&Ddiscourse),whichareexplic- itly and implicitlymentioned inmany of the SDGs. The need for and benefits of up-side risk taking through increased investment into the socio-economic develop- mentobjectives is anotheroneof thecross-cutting issues. Transformativeriskmanagement,which,asweargue,shouldbeoneofthepillars of the L&D policy space, thus may be one of those issues of common concern (Schinko et al. 2018). Innovative polycentric science-society partnership models are springingup to support the implementationof transformative riskmanagement options thatmanagecriticaldisaster risks“on theground”.Evidence fromhotspots, not only has potential to informbetter development policies, butmay also support actions in industrialised countries facing similar issues (Mechler et al. 2018b).The roleof technologyiscrucial inthiscontext,as itshapesrisksandlimits toadaptation and riskmanagement.Yet, access in developing countries is constrained.National hydrological andmeteorological services indeveloping countries, for example, are