Page - 49 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

2 TheEthicalChallenges in theContextofClimateLossandDamage 49 Table2.3 Indicative list of measures for different categories of losses and damages. Note that listedmeasures are not exhaustive and that thesemeasures could apply under both compensatory ordistributive justice framings ReplaceableL&D(economic andsomenon-economic L&D) Non-replaceableL&D (non-economicL&D) Sudden-onset extremes (insurableL&D) Measures (A) • Risk transfer - Insurance (e.g.with subsidisedpremiums) - Micro insurance - Insurance/Riskpools - Catastrophebonds • National and international disaster funds • Risk reduction - Earlywarningsystems - Preventivebuilding measures - Planned relocation • Technology transfer Measures (B) • Recognitionof loss (accompaniedbyfinancial paymentsornot) • Active remembrance (e.g. throughmuseum exhibitions, school curricula) • Counselling • Official apologies Slow-onsetprocesses (non-insurableL&D) Measures (C) • Risk reduction - Preventivebuilding measures - Physical risk reduction measures (seawalls) - Planned relocation • Technology transfer • Risk transferviacatastrophe bonds • Redress • Rehabilitation Measures (D) • Alternative livelihoods provision • Recognitionof loss (accompaniedbyfinancial paymentsornot) • Active remembrance (e.g. throughmuseum exhibitions, school curricula) • Counselling • Official apologies involvement of those responsible to contribute to themeasures to be taken (for an overviewofcategories andmeasures seeTable2.3).7 L&Dneeds tobe rectified inorder to ensure justice.Within thedistributive jus- tice framework, thismeans redistributionaimingatabaselinedistributionwhereno undeservedharmhadever occurred. In case of climate impacts, thismeans aiming at overcoming undeserved burdens on some regions, communities, and individu- als due to climate variability and extremes. In contrast to compensatory claims for redistribution to even out undeserved harms it is only necessary that the harm in fact canbeneutralisedbyhumanaction.Thismakes the distributive framingmore comprehensive. It not only capturesL&Dcausedbyanthropogenic climate change 7By thusarguingwe implicitly assume theability-to-payprinciple as theappropriateprinciple for differentiating responsibilities. In the next sectionweexplainmore thoroughly howwe think this principlemustbeunderstood incaseofL&D.