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50 I.Wallimann-Helmeret al.
but also climate impacts brought about bynatural climatevariability andextremes.
However, a large amount of the responsibilities involved by these considerations
doesnotconcernnaturalclimatevariabilitybutanthropogenicclimatechange.Most
responsibilities captured in a distributive frameworkwould also directly apply in a
compensatory frameworkaswell.
Thecategorisationofappropriatemeasures to respond todifferentkindsofL&D
significantly depends on whether the distinction between adaptation and L&D is
drawnusinga“beyondadaptation”ora“risk tolerance”approach.Whileaccording
to the “risk tolerance” approach, the appropriateness ofmeasures does depend on
how those potentially affected assess different kinds of risk forL&D, the “beyond
adaptation” approach can do sowithout involving them. Focusing on the “beyond
adaptation”approachfornow,therelevantclimateimpactsconcernL&Dthatcannot
and also in some caseswill not be avoided. L&D that cannot be avoidedmust be
consideredundeservedharm to the extent that those facingclimate impacts didnot
contributetotheiroccurrence.L&Dthatwillnotbeavoidedisundeservedharmtothe
degree that it canbe tracedback toadaptationconstraints that arenot self-inflicted.
Inbothcases, redistributiveresponseswillhave todifferdependingonwhether they
are designed to dealwith replaceable or non-replaceable values, valueswhich can
benon-economic/non-market-basedoreconomic/market-basedL&D.
In the case of economic/market-basedL&D,measureswill have to eitherman-
age/transfer financial risks or to provide adequate monetary/financial redress for
L&D. However, in the non-economic case, novel approaches for ends-displacing
have to be identified (Wallimann-Helmer 2015).Many such assets (encompassing
material goods and non-material services) fall into the category of non-economic
values, which have entered the L&D discourse as the concept of non-economic
loss and damage or, after COP21 in Paris, non-economic losses (NELD; see also
chapter by Serdeczny 2018). Commonly cited examples ofNELD include loss of
life,humanhealth, culturalheritage, ecosystemservicesand indigenousknowledge
(e.g.Fankhauseretal.2014;MorrisseyandOliver-Smith2013).NELDcanoccuras
direct and indirect consequences of climate change, includingnegative side effects
of adaptation (Serdeczny et al. 2016). They share the criterion that they are not
commonly traded in themarket.8
Non-economic L&D can be replaceable or non-replaceable. Non-replaceable,
non-economicL&Dorsimply“losses”mightbeperceivedaslossesof irreplaceable
ends by those affected. In otherwords, the assets lost in case of this kind ofL&D
mightbeperceivedasends in themselves.FollowingGoodin (1983), characteristics
for regardingassets as irreplaceable are typically tied to (1)personal integrity, both
bodily and mentally; (2) history; and (3) variety. Many assets typically listed as
NELDcorrespondtothesecharacteristics.Lossofcultural identity,senseofplaceor
indigenousknowledge, forexample,are inextricably tiedtoacommunity´s integrity
(Bell2004;Heyward2014;Zellentin2010,2015).Afishingcommunityhaving lost
its traditionalfishinggroundswillneverbe thesameagainbecause it lacksacentral
8For this reason,“non-market losses”mightbeamoreadequatedescriptionof such losses,but the
termwasnot adopted in thepolicyprocess.
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Title
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Subtitle
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Authors
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2019
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Size
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 580
- Keywords
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Categories
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima