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2 TheEthicalChallenges in theContextofClimateLossandDamage 53
undeserved L&Ddue to climate variability and extremes.Whatwould be needed
is a coordinated redistributive scheme, which could be operationalised under the
UNFCCCas thebodywith the largestexpertiseandaclear focusonclimatechange
and relevant approaches tocopewith it.
Notably,suchaschemeneutralisingundeservedL&Dincorporatingandcombin-
ing all of the components ofL&Dmeasuresmentioned in this sectionwill require
substantialamountsof funding.EventhoughL&Disaddressed in itsowndedicated
Article 8 of the ParisAgreement, no new funding stream for addressingL&Dhas
been created. Nevertheless, asMace andVerheyen (2016) point out, Article 8.3’s
reference to‘actionandsupport’,whichshouldcomethroughtheWIMandthepar-
ties’ action, demandsfinancialmechanisms.With the exception of early voluntary
commitments bydeveloped countries to support the insurance component ofL&D
measures, it remainsanopenquestionwhatkindofexisting fundingschemescould
be accessedorwhich additional fundingwindows shouldbe established to address
furthercomponentsofL&Dmeasures.Basedon the twoframingsofcompensatory
anddistributive justice, in thenext sectionwesetout toanswer thequestionofwho
bearswhat responsibility forprovidingadequate levelsofassistance infinancialand
non-financial terms toestablishacomprehensiveportfolioofL&Dmeasures.
2.5 DifferentiatingResponsibilities forL&DMeasures
Responsibilitieswillvarydependingonwhetherweareadoptingacompensatoryor
adistributiveapproach.Regarding theformerapproach, it isnecessary todetermine
whoorwhichgroupshavecontributedtotheharm.Thisischallengingfromthepoint
ofviewofattributionscienceaswellastheapplicabilityofnationalandinternational
law (cf. chapter on attribution by James et al. 2018 and chapter on legal issues by
Simlinger andMayer2018).Regarding the latter approach, redistribution to secure
differentiated support for those facingL&Dforundeservedharms is required.This
is challenging from the point of view of being considerably more ambitious and
counter to theagreementscontainedunder theumbrellaof theUNFCCC.However,
sinceweare addressing thedemandsof justice here, itmaybe that justice requires
radicalrestructuring.Inthissectionwearguethatinordertobeeffectiveandefficient
a scheme to tackle L&Dmust take into account differences in capacity to provide
specific support but also communal ties.Under a distributive framing, this leads to
anextendedability topayprinciple, incorporatingconsiderationsconcerninghowto
mostefficientlyandeffectively remedyundeservedharmduetoL&D.According to
thisscheme,dependingonthekindsofL&Datissue,differentcountriesandregions
have different duties in light of their abilities to pay. If adopting a compensatory
approach, ability to paymight be amitigating factor, but the compensationwould
primarily stem from the responsibility agrouphad for theoccurrenceof theharms
inquestion.
Toclarifythedistinctionbetweenresponsibilityfor theoccurrenceofundeserved
harmand responsibility for remedyof harmwe suggest to consider the distinction
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Title
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Subtitle
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Authors
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2019
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Size
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 580
- Keywords
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Categories
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima