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2 TheEthicalChallenges in theContextofClimateLossandDamage 55
Relying onMiller (2007) once again, there are at least three additional reasons
allowingthedifferentiatedassignmentofremedialresponsibilitieswithoutrelyingon
backward looking considerations of outcome responsibility. That is, reasons appli-
cablewithin adistributive justice framing.First, and inmodificationof the already
mentionedBPP, thosecurrentlybenefitting themost fromemissionscontributing to
climate change aremost often those also financially and technologically best able
to foster L&Dmeasures. Second, thosewith the best know-how to support one or
severalofthethreecomponents(comprehensiveriskmanagement,riskfinancingand
curativemeasures)ofacomprehensiveschemeofL&Dmeasuresmentionedbefore
canmost efficiently andeffectivelyprovideassistance.Third, indigenousandother
cultural knowledge sharedbycommunities affectednotonly leads to special duties
amongthembutalsomighthelptoprovidemoreappropriateandeffectivesupport in
practice. Inthecaseofmanycommunitiesandcountries, theassignmentofremedial
responsibilitiesaccordingtothefirst tworeasonswillmostprobablyoverlapbecause
bothdetermine thedevelopedcountryparties to theUNFCCCtobeunder remedial
duty. The third reason, by contrast, probably identifies developing country parties;
e.g.membersofAOSIS, tobeunder specified remedialduties.
Followingon fromSect. 2.3 and independent of the reasons employed to assign
remedial responsibilities, supportmustbedifferentiatedat least along the following
two lines: (a)whether L&D is replaceable or not, and (b)whether L&Dmeasures
shalltackleslow-onsetprocessesorsudden-onsetextremeevents(seeTable2.3).The
discussionintheprevioussectionreveals that thefirst typeofdifferentiationroughly
corresponds but is not identical with the distinction between economic and non-
economicL&D.The second typeof differentiation largely correlateswithwhether
L&D is insurable or not. These differentiations/categories need to be taken into
accountbecauseacomprehensiveschemetoappropriatelytackleclimateL&Dmust
ultimately differentiate responsibilities in an efficient and effectiveway in order to
beconsidered just.Notably, in termsof support forL&D,pledgingfinance is likely
not enough and probably not themost efficient and effective form of support for
communitiesandcountriesinneedofassistance.Whatisfurtherneededisassistance
in capacity building and technology transfer in order for these communities to be
abletotakeactionallowingthemefficientlyandeffectivelytomediate thesocialand
economiccostsof climateL&D.
Transferof technologywithoutknow-howavailable tends tobe less effective. In
order tobeeffective,weclaimthat a fairdifferentiationof responsibilitiesmustnot
onlybefall thoseable to fosterL&Dmeasuresbutalso thosepotentiallyharmed.As
alreadymentioned, the effectiveness ofmeasures is substantially increased if those
profitingfromthemarealsoinvolvedintheir implementationandmaintenance.Sim-
ilarly, shared indigenous or cultural knowledge especially in countries and regions
facingsimilarrisksofL&Dcanbecomerelevantaswell.Webelievethatsuchtiesas
well asgeographicproximitycansignificantly increase theefficiencyandeffective-
ness of implementation andmaintenance ofmeasures (Wallimann-Helmer 2016).
Furthermore, without transfer of know-how, pledging financemight contribute to
unfairnesswhen it comes toapplying forfinancial support to implementL&Dmea-
sures.Forinstance,thereisfarlessdetectedandattributedclimateeventsincountries
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Title
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Subtitle
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Authors
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2019
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Size
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 580
- Keywords
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Categories
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima