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68 L.M.Bouwer
Table3.1 Observedchanges inweather extremesandattribution tohumangreenhousegasemis-
sions
Weatherextreme Observedpast changes Humancontribution
Warmer (and/or fewercold)
daysandnightsa • Very likely increase
(decrease) in frequencyover
most landareas • Very likely
Heatwavesa • Mediumconfidence in
increaseonglobal scale
• Likely increase in large
partsofEurope,Asiaand
Australia • Likely
Heavyprecipitationa • Likely increasesovermore
landareas thandecreases • Mediumconfidence
Riverfloodsb • Limited tomedium
evidence for changes in
frequencyof riverfloodsat
the regional level
• Lowconfidence for signof
changeof riverfloodsat the
global level —
Droughta • Lowconfidence inchange
onaglobal level
• Likelychanges in some
regions (increase in
MediterraneanandWest
Africa;decreases incentral
NorthAmericaand
north-westAustralia) • Lowconfidence
Tropical cyclonesa • Lowconfidence in increase
inactivity (intensityand
frequency)on timescalesof
100years
• Virtuallycertain inNorth
Atlantic since1970 • Lowconfidence
Extra-tropical cyclonesb • Likelypole-wardshift of
stormtrackson thenorthern
andsouthernhemispheres —
Extremesea-levelsa • Likely increase since1970 • Likely
NoteBasedonSREXandFifthAssessmentReportWGIreports fromthe IPCC(2012,2013).For
definitionofconfidence levels see IPCC(2013)
aIPCC(2013) (Summary forPolicymakers). bIPCC(2012) (Summary forPolicymakers)
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Title
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Subtitle
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Authors
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2019
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Size
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 580
- Keywords
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Categories
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima