Page - 68 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

68 L.M.Bouwer Table3.1 Observedchanges inweather extremesandattribution tohumangreenhousegasemis- sions Weatherextreme Observedpast changes Humancontribution Warmer (and/or fewercold) daysandnightsa • Very likely increase (decrease) in frequencyover most landareas • Very likely Heatwavesa • Mediumconfidence in increaseonglobal scale • Likely increase in large partsofEurope,Asiaand Australia • Likely Heavyprecipitationa • Likely increasesovermore landareas thandecreases • Mediumconfidence Riverfloodsb • Limited tomedium evidence for changes in frequencyof riverfloodsat the regional level • Lowconfidence for signof changeof riverfloodsat the global level — Droughta • Lowconfidence inchange onaglobal level • Likelychanges in some regions (increase in MediterraneanandWest Africa;decreases incentral NorthAmericaand north-westAustralia) • Lowconfidence Tropical cyclonesa • Lowconfidence in increase inactivity (intensityand frequency)on timescalesof 100years • Virtuallycertain inNorth Atlantic since1970 • Lowconfidence Extra-tropical cyclonesb • Likelypole-wardshift of stormtrackson thenorthern andsouthernhemispheres — Extremesea-levelsa • Likely increase since1970 • Likely NoteBasedonSREXandFifthAssessmentReportWGIreports fromthe IPCC(2012,2013).For definitionofconfidence levels see IPCC(2013) aIPCC(2013) (Summary forPolicymakers). bIPCC(2012) (Summary forPolicymakers)