Page - 86 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

86 T.Schinkoet al. Thefurtherdiscussioninthischapter isorganisedasfollows:Sect.4.2providesa shortdefinitionofL&Dandaimsatidentifyingmajorbuildingblocksofaframework forL&D.Section4.3 takes thisdiscussion forward,andbasedonour threebuilding blocks identifies theriskandpolicyspaceforLossandDamage.Theconceptof risk layeringbasedonrisk-basedmodellingisputforwardasamethodforquantifyingthe LossandDamagespace inSect. 4.4,which is followedbysomeshort conclusions. 4.2 BuildingBlocksofaPrincipledFrameworkforLoss andDamage Manyanalysts andpartieshaveargued that theWIMis todealwithclimate-related risks ‘beyondadaptation’whencopingcapacitiesofcommunities andcountries are exceededv (seee.g.Verheyen2012).This is also reflected inwhat theparties to the UNFCCacknowledge indecision2/CP.19when theystate thatL&D“includes, and insomecasesinvolvesmorethan,thatwhichcanbereducedbyadaptation”(UNFCC 2014).Beyond this consensus, little commongroundexists andparticularly ethical aspectshavebeentheelephantintheroomeversincetheearlystagesofthedebateon L&D.The followingdiscussionaimsatovercoming theethical challenges involved in thediscourseby referring to thedebatevianotionsofclimate justiceandaCRM perspective(seealso thechapterbyWallimann-Helmeretal.2018formoredetailed explorationof theethical challenges in thedebate). DefiningLossesandDamages Climate-related risks considered in theLoss andDamagediscussionare associated with sudden-onset extreme events, such as flooding and cyclones, and slow-onset impacts includingsea level riseandmeltingglaciers (seeFig.4.1). Timescale: hours days weeks months years decades Examples: landslides, storms, floods... droughts sea level rise, glacier shrinkage Sudden-onsetevents shocks Slow-onsetprocesses gradual changes increasing stress Fig.4.1 Characterisation of climate-related risks relevant for Loss&Damage. Based onHuggel et al. (2016).PicturesSourceWikimediaCommons