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132 R.A. Jameset al. 2015;seeSect.5.3.2),lossoflife(Mitchelletal.2016),andmonetarylosses(Schaller etal.2016),aswellaslinkingwithresearchintothesourcesofanthropogenicforcing (see Sect. 5.3.3). However, it is worth highlighting that some uncertainties in the sciencewillnotbeeliminated,andtheresearchisunlikelytoprovideanevenevidence base for all countries andevents: someeventswill alwaysbe easier to studydue to differencesbetweenevents in the strengthof theclimate signal, availabilityofdata, andabilityofmodels to simulate them. 5.3.2 AttributionofClimateChangeImpacts There is a growing body of evidence about how recent changes in climate have influenced natural and human systems.As part of the IPCCAR5WorkingGroup II (WGII) report this evidence isdrawn together toassess thedetectionandattribu- tionofclimatechange impactson thecryosphere,water resources, coastal systems, terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems, and on human systems, including analysis of food systemsand the livelihoodsof indigenouspeople (Cramer et al. 2014). In this context, attribution “addresses thequestionof themagnitudeof the contributionof climatechange tochange ina system”(Crameret al. 2014,985), and that contribu- tion is evaluated as being “major” or “minor”. This is a slightly different approach to the attribution of climate changes andweather events inWGI (Sect. 5.3.1; see Fig. 5.6), and in particular, does not necessarily imply that the change in question Fig.5.6 SchematicdiagramfromtheIPCCWGIIChap.18ondetectionandattributionofobserved impacts,which illustrateshowWGIIworkon impactsattribution (hereSect. 5.3.2) relates toWGI work on attribution of climate andweather (here Sect. 5.3.1) andwider research into changes in climate,natural,andhumansystems. SourceCrameretal. (2014)IPCCAR5WGII,Fig.18-1,985