Page - 158 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

158 E.Calliari et al. The chapter is organised as follows.We first provide an overview of the L&D process within the UNFCCC fromAOSIS’s first proposals to the PA, looking at the historic developments and actions bydifferent actors that led to the emergence ofL&Das a pillar of theUNFCCCarchitecture.We then consider the negotiating process through the lenses of IR theories to understand howL&Doutcomes have been produced. By analysing the actors involved, their positions, the negotiation process and related outcomes, we finally identify opportunities, both for research andpolicy, tomove this contesteddiscourse forward. 6.2 PositioningofL&DintheUNFCCCNegotiations Asdiscussed in the introductory chapter (Mechler et al. 2018), thedebate onL&D has been spearheadedbyAOSIS since the early 1990s, by calling for an insurance pool to compensate vulnerable small islandand low-lyingdevelopingcountries for the impactsof sea level rise (INC1991) (Fig.6.1). It took more than 20 years to institutionalise the debate within the UNFCCC architecture through thecreationof theWIMin2013andeventually the stipulation ofthestand-alonearticle8intheParisAgreement.Figure6.2showsthepositioningof theExecutiveCommitteeof theWIM(ExCom),whichtheCOPestablishedtoguide the implementationof functionsof theWIMthroughan initial 2-yearworkplan, in theUNFCCCarchitecture.ExComisabodyconstitutedunder theConvention, and isguidedbyandaccountable to theCOP. COP20finalised thegovernanceof theExCombybestowing10members each toAnnex I andnon-Annex IParties.2 However, disagreement around regional rep- resentationwithinAnnex I parties caused substantial delays innominatingExCom members,conveningof theExComfirstmeeting(September2015),andimplement- ing the activities of theWIM. The balanced representation among Parties is also reflected in theChairmanship,with the twoCo-chairs being elected fromAnnex1 andnon-Annex1respectively toservefor1year.3TheExCommayestablishexpert groups, subcommittees, panels, thematic advisory groups or task-focused ad hoc workinggroups tohelpexecute its advisory role. The initial 2-yearwork plan of theWIMcomprises 9 action areas focusing on: (1)Particularlyvulnerabledevelopingcountries, population, ecosystems; (2)Com- prehensive riskmanagement approaches; (3)Slowonset events; (4)Non-economic losses; (5)Resilience, recoveryand rehabilitation; (6)Migration, displacement and humanmobility; (7)Financial instruments and tools; (8) complementinganddraw- ing upon thework of and involvement other bodies; and (9) development of a 5- 2Membersfromnon-AnnexIParties include2membersfromeachoftheAfrican, theAsia-Pacific, and the Latin American andCaribbean States, 1member fromSIDS, 1member from the LDC Parties, and2additionalmembers fromnon-Annex IParties. 3During thefirstmeetingof theExComin2017, co-chairmanshipwent fromTuvalu andUSA to JamaicaandEuropeanUnion.