Page - 163 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

6 ThePoliticsof (andBehind) theUNFCCC’sLoss… 163 mitigation,adaptationandlossanddamage.…Thelowerthemitigationambition, thehigher theadaptationneed.The lower theadaptationsupportavailable tohelp poorcommunitiesandcountries, themoreseriousthelimits toadaptationbecome fromclimatic changes, themore loss and damage ensues” (Vulturius andDavis 2016) • Havehelped to stimulate interest in L&D indeveloping countries. For example, LDCs participating in aMCIIworkshop developedmuch greater interest in the developmentofanL&Dmechanismthantheyheldprior toparticipation(Vanhala andHestbaek2016); • Have acted as enablers for change. For example, the pro bonoLegal Response Initiative (LRI)4 operated byWWF-UKandOxfam-GBhas provided legal sup- port to LDCs during climate change negotiations.A similar rolewas played by theFoundationforInternationalEnvironmentalLawandDevelopment(FIELD),a non-governmental research institutebasedat theLawDepartmentatSOAS,Uni- versity ofLondon (see for instanceHyvarinen (2012)).A recent advisory group employedby theRepublicofMarshall IslandsandAOSIS is theNewYorkbased IndependentDiplomat (Carter2015); • Have sought public support onL&D. For example, through reports producedby ActionAid,Care, andWWF(ActionAid2010;ActionAidet al. 2012,2013); • Have continued to pursue options for compensation outside of climate change negotiations. For example, Greenpeace has used the PhilippinesHumanRights Commission to accuse anumberofmajor companies of human rights abuses for carbonemissions.TheCommissiononHumanRightsofthePhilippinescontacted thosecompanies in2016 togive themanopportunity to respond toGreenpeace’s allegations (Vidal2016). 6.3.4 ThePrivateSectorand theInsuranceIndustry Thereislimitedevidenceofprivatesectoractorsplayingaroleinthedevelopmentof L&Dasaconceptandmechanism,withtheexceptionofsomeinsurancecompanies. Indeed, fromaprivatesectorpointofview, theconceptualseparationofL&D,adap- tation, and disaster risk reductionmight appear a highly theoretical and academic exercise,with limited relevance (Surminski andEldridge 2015).However, back in 2011,whentheUNFCCCconsultedonanL&Dmechanism,anumberof responses to theUNFCCCcalledforgreaterengagementwith theprivatesector inclimaterisk management.Forexample: • Norway noted that ‘broad participation from stakeholders [including the private sector] would be crucial to a good outcome of the work programme’ (Norway 2011); • Gambia asked ‘to seek (private sector) contribution for a successfulmechanism to addressL&DinLDCs’ (Gambia2011)—but explicit detail ofwhat this ‘con- 4http://legalresponseinitiative.org/.