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6 ThePoliticsof (andBehind) theUNFCCCâsLoss⌠163
mitigation,adaptationandlossanddamage.âŚThelowerthemitigationambition,
thehigher theadaptationneed.The lower theadaptationsupportavailable tohelp
poorcommunitiesandcountries, themoreseriousthelimits toadaptationbecome
fromclimatic changes, themore loss and damage ensuesâ (Vulturius andDavis
2016)
⢠Havehelped to stimulate interest in L&D indeveloping countries. For example,
LDCs participating in aMCIIworkshop developedmuch greater interest in the
developmentofanL&Dmechanismthantheyheldprior toparticipation(Vanhala
andHestbaek2016);
⢠Have acted as enablers for change. For example, the pro bonoLegal Response
Initiative (LRI)4 operated byWWF-UKandOxfam-GBhas provided legal sup-
port to LDCs during climate change negotiations.A similar rolewas played by
theFoundationforInternationalEnvironmentalLawandDevelopment(FIELD),a
non-governmental research institutebasedat theLawDepartmentatSOAS,Uni-
versity ofLondon (see for instanceHyvarinen (2012)).A recent advisory group
employedby theRepublicofMarshall IslandsandAOSIS is theNewYorkbased
IndependentDiplomat (Carter2015);
⢠Have sought public support onL&D. For example, through reports producedby
ActionAid,Care, andWWF(ActionAid2010;ActionAidet al. 2012,2013);
⢠Have continued to pursue options for compensation outside of climate change
negotiations. For example, Greenpeace has used the PhilippinesHumanRights
Commission to accuse anumberofmajor companies of human rights abuses for
carbonemissions.TheCommissiononHumanRightsofthePhilippinescontacted
thosecompanies in2016 togive themanopportunity to respond toGreenpeaceâs
allegations (Vidal2016).
6.3.4 ThePrivateSectorand theInsuranceIndustry
Thereislimitedevidenceofprivatesectoractorsplayingaroleinthedevelopmentof
L&Dasaconceptandmechanism,withtheexceptionofsomeinsurancecompanies.
Indeed, fromaprivatesectorpointofview, theconceptualseparationofL&D,adap-
tation, and disaster risk reductionmight appear a highly theoretical and academic
exercise,with limited relevance (Surminski andEldridge 2015).However, back in
2011,whentheUNFCCCconsultedonanL&Dmechanism,anumberof responses
to theUNFCCCcalledforgreaterengagementwith theprivatesector inclimaterisk
management.Forexample:
⢠Norway noted that âbroad participation from stakeholders [including the private
sector] would be crucial to a good outcome of the work programmeâ (Norway
2011);
⢠Gambia asked âto seek (private sector) contribution for a successfulmechanism
to addressL&DinLDCsâ (Gambia2011)âbut explicit detail ofwhat this âcon-
4http://legalresponseinitiative.org/.
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Title
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Subtitle
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Authors
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2019
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Size
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 580
- Keywords
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Categories
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima