Page - 215 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

8 Non-economicLossandDamageand theWarsaw… 215 tal and social co-benefits, which inmany cases include non-economic values, are consideredalongsidecriteriaofeconomicefficiency (GreenClimateFund2014). It is,however,notclearhowtheyareweightedwithothercriteriaorwhatanappropri- ateweightingwould be.More research is also needed on the costs that comewith the integrationofNELDintopreventiveplanning.Where integrationiscost-neutral, protection of NELDwould be a no-regret strategy and could be implemented by default. 8.4.2 Responding toUnavoidedNELD It needs to be expected that not allNELDcan andwill be avoided. This is so par- ticularly because adaptation to climate change bringswith it negative side-effects whichcanbeconsideredas lossesanddamages (Warner andGeest2013; see intro- ductionbyMechler et al. 2018).Manyof thenegative side-effects fromadaptation arenon-economic inkind.TheexampleofKiribati is acase inpoint,wheredespite carefulmeasures, sense of place and territory are likely to be lost:With reference to census according towhichmost I-Kiribatiwant to remain on their islands (Uan 2016), officials explicitly framemigration as a last resort (Office of the President RepublicofKiribati 2016). Havingsaid this,notallnon-economicvalueswillnecessarilycontinuetobeper- ceived as important ormournedby those affected.Aspeople adapt to gradually or abruptlychangingenvironments it canbeexpected that theirvaluepreferencesmay shiftaswell(Tschakert2016).Fishermen,forexample, losingtheir traditional liveli- hoodsmayfindnew identities in alternativemeansof incomeand social exchange: newgoals and preferences in their liveswill likely emerge.However, it is open to questionwhich of the lost valueswill continue to bemournedby those affected in the futureandwhichwillprove tobe temporary.Nor is it clearwhether temporarily mourned losses,which couldhavebeen avoidedhad climate changebeen avoided, cansimplybeignoredorwhether theytoomerit someformoffair remedy.Afterall, thoseaffectedare forced to shift tonewgoals rather than freelychoosing todoso. Questions ofwhat constitutes a fair remedy to unavoided non-economic losses touch on themeans and instruments that are available as responses as well as on questions ofwho bears the duty to remedy.Bracketing the question of identifying thedutybearer it ishelpful toapproachnon-economicvalueswithGoodin´stheories of compensation (Goodin 1989). Goodin distinguishes between means replacing compensation,where people are providedwith themeans to pursue the same ends thathavebeenlostandends-displacingcompensation,wherepeopleareenabled“to pursue some other ends in away that leaves them subjectively aswell off overall as theywouldhavebeenhad theynot suffered the loss at all” (Goodin1989:60). In the case of irreplaceable losseswhere no substitute can be found,means replacing