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8 Non-economicLossandDamageand theWarsaw… 215
tal and social co-benefits, which inmany cases include non-economic values, are
consideredalongsidecriteriaofeconomicefficiency (GreenClimateFund2014). It
is,however,notclearhowtheyareweightedwithothercriteriaorwhatanappropri-
ateweightingwould be.More research is also needed on the costs that comewith
the integrationofNELDintopreventiveplanning.Where integrationiscost-neutral,
protection of NELDwould be a no-regret strategy and could be implemented by
default.
8.4.2 Responding toUnavoidedNELD
It needs to be expected that not allNELDcan andwill be avoided. This is so par-
ticularly because adaptation to climate change bringswith it negative side-effects
whichcanbeconsideredas lossesanddamages (Warner andGeest2013; see intro-
ductionbyMechler et al. 2018).Manyof thenegative side-effects fromadaptation
arenon-economic inkind.TheexampleofKiribati is acase inpoint,wheredespite
carefulmeasures, sense of place and territory are likely to be lost:With reference
to census according towhichmost I-Kiribatiwant to remain on their islands (Uan
2016), officials explicitly framemigration as a last resort (Office of the President
RepublicofKiribati 2016).
Havingsaid this,notallnon-economicvalueswillnecessarilycontinuetobeper-
ceived as important ormournedby those affected.Aspeople adapt to gradually or
abruptlychangingenvironments it canbeexpected that theirvaluepreferencesmay
shiftaswell(Tschakert2016).Fishermen,forexample, losingtheir traditional liveli-
hoodsmayfindnew identities in alternativemeansof incomeand social exchange:
newgoals and preferences in their liveswill likely emerge.However, it is open to
questionwhich of the lost valueswill continue to bemournedby those affected in
the futureandwhichwillprove tobe temporary.Nor is it clearwhether temporarily
mourned losses,which couldhavebeen avoidedhad climate changebeen avoided,
cansimplybeignoredorwhether theytoomerit someformoffair remedy.Afterall,
thoseaffectedare forced to shift tonewgoals rather than freelychoosing todoso.
Questions ofwhat constitutes a fair remedy to unavoided non-economic losses
touch on themeans and instruments that are available as responses as well as on
questions ofwho bears the duty to remedy.Bracketing the question of identifying
thedutybearer it ishelpful toapproachnon-economicvalueswithGoodin´stheories
of compensation (Goodin 1989). Goodin distinguishes between means replacing
compensation,where people are providedwith themeans to pursue the same ends
thathavebeenlostandends-displacingcompensation,wherepeopleareenabled“to
pursue some other ends in away that leaves them subjectively aswell off overall
as theywouldhavebeenhad theynot suffered the loss at all” (Goodin1989:60). In
the case of irreplaceable losseswhere no substitute can be found,means replacing
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Title
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Subtitle
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Authors
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2019
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Size
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 580
- Keywords
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Categories
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima