Page - 231 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

9 The ImpactsofClimateChangeonEcosystemServices… 231 Flood Water Extent as of 18 Sept 2007 Pre-flood Water Extent as of 7 Mar 2006 Est. Flooded Area by District District Kaolack Gossas 9’958.25 1’818.94 Area Capital District Boundary Main Road Minor Road/Track Trail Railroad Large Town Town/Village Airport Port Facility Source: UNOSAT 2007 Map Scale for A3: 1:150,000 Kilometers .5 20 3 4 5 6 7 Fig.9.6 FloodinginthepeanutbasinsouthofKaolack,Senegal(September2007). SourceUNEP (2016) claimsinspections(chapterbySchaferetal.2018).Thishasbeentestedsuccessfully inSenegal,Ethiopia, andNorthernKenya (Greatrexet al. 2015). In the future, temperature changesmaycreategenuinehard limits to adaptation, forexample,wheretemperatureincreasesarebeyondthelimitofcropsduringcritical points in their life cycle (Ericksenet al. 2011).According to the IPCC, inAfrica Climate change combined with other external changes (environmental, social, political, technological) may overwhelm the ability of people to cope and adapt, especially if the root causes of poverty and vulnerability are not addressed (Niang et al. 2014). Thismayleadtomigrationasanadaptiveresponse(Mortimore2010;WorldBank 2018), as it has in thepast (deSherbininet al. 2012;UNEP2011). 9.5 Conclusions Thischapter triedtoenhanceunderstandingofhowandwhenclimatechangethreats to ecosystemsand the services theyprovide result in losses anddamages topeople andsociety.Indoingsoitaddressedseriousgapsintheemergingresearchanddebate onLossandDamagefromclimatechange.Thefirstgenerationofempiricalworkon lossesanddamageshasfocusedprimarilyonhumansystemsandtendedtooverlook themediating role of ecosystems and the services ecosystems provide to society. Thechapter introducedaconceptual framework for studying the complex relations