Page - 238 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

238 A.Heslinet al. displacementrelatedto theadverse impactsofclimatechange”(UNFCCC2017). In addressingtheroleofclimatechangeindisplacement,onemustidentifythewaysthat factors pertaining to environmental change generally drivemigration, as this rela- tionshipwillbecomeall themoreimportantandcomplexwithclimatechange(IOM 2017b).This chapter addresses theways that thenatural environment relates to the globalflowofpeople (Bettini andAndersson2014;Bates2002;DunandGemenne 2008).Inaddressingthisrelationshipbetweentheenvironmentanddisplacement,we first outline theprimarydebateswithin the environmental displacement andmigra- tionliterature,aswellaschallengesinthereceptionofmigrants inhostcommunities andnations.Usingcasesofclimate-relateddisplacement,wethenhighlightthecom- plexityof the social effectsof environmental factors and theprocessofmigration. 10.2 DefiningandMeasuringMigration Thecomplexityof environmentalmigrationbeginswith theprocessof settingcon- crete, agreed upon definitions, however, defining and subsequentlymeasuring the process of environmental migration is not uniform throughout the literature (Dun andGemenne2008). 10.2.1 Definitions Tounderstand thevariousmeansbywhichonecandefineenvironmentalmigration, wemay start byunderstanding thebroader categories used todescribe populations outside theirhabitualplaceof residence, includingmigrant, refugee,asylumseeker, and internally displacedperson. In general, onemayclassify a person in these dif- ferentcategoriesbasedonthecircumstancesof their leavingtheirplaceofresidence andthedestinationoftheirmovement(outlinedinFig.10.1).AccordingtotheInter- nationalOrganizationforMigration,migrantisthemostgeneralterm,encompassing any personwho “hasmoved across an international border orwithin a State away from his/her habitual place of residence” (IOM2018). By this definition, anyone who falls within our matrix outlined in Fig. 10.1 is a migrant, but depending on the circumstances of theirmovement,more precise labels and terminology can be used to describe them.For instance, if oneflees across an international border due toa“well-foundedfearofbeingpersecutedfor reasonsof race, religion,nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion,” they can be further classifiedasarefugeeorasylum-seeker(UN1951). Inaddition,onewhoisforcedto fleetheirhome,buthasnotcrossedaninternationalborderisconsideredaninternally displacedperson (IDP) (IOM2017c;UN1998). While the IOMdefinitionsof refugeesand IDPsareconsistentwithUNconven- tions, thedefinitionofmigrantusedby the IOMdiffers fromthatof theUN,which uses amore narrow definition ofmigrant. According to theUN, amigrant is one