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10 DisplacementandResettlement:Understanding… 241 Fig.10.3 Migrationtotals,measuredastotalforeign-bornpopulation.DataSourceUnitedNations PopulationDivision (2017) onthecriteriausedtoidentifypopulationmovementsasvoluntaryversusforcedand environmentallyorotherwisemotivated. Lookingat internationalmigrationgenerally,data indicate increasingvolumesof migration,butdifferdependingon themeansofmeasurement.TheUnitedNations, measuringmigrationasthetotalforeign-bornpopulationthroughouttheworld,iden- tifiesthenumberofforeign-bornresidentsofcountriestobeover250millionin2017, with over 25million of those categorised as refugees and asylum-seekers (United Nations PopulationDivision 2017). Figure 10.3 presents the UnitedNations data measuring the number of people livingoutside their country of birth, showing sig- nificant increasesover thepast25years. While for foreign-bornpopulations, there is readily available data, studies chal- lenge this operationalisationofmigration, as it fails to capturewhenpeoplemoved andfromwhere.AbelandSander(2014),forinstance,estimatethevolumeofmigra- tion flows and direction since 1990, finding that while the stock of foreign-born populationsgloballyhas increased, therehasnotbeenadrastic increase in theflow of migrants in recent years, relative to the global population size or in absolute quantities.Thesedifferences inmeasurementpaintverydifferentpictures regarding contemporary globalmigration, with popular narratives often followingUNdata, shown inFig.10.3, indicatingmassive increases inmigrants. Theprocessofmeasurementandanalysis isfurthercomplicatedwhenattempting todetermine thecauseof themovement. Determining the proportion of internationalmigrantswho relocate due to envi- ronmental changes faces the samechallenges as estimatingmigrantflows,with the