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248 A.Heslinet al.
ityof internalmovements in thesecountries are to thecapital cities, contributing to
overcrowdingandthreatening theattainmentof theSustainableDevelopmentGoals
and other development targets, especially those related to sanitation (Locke 2009;
ADB2014;Oakesetal.2016).Suchurbanisationmaythereforebetermedmaladap-
tiveasitcanincreasebothvulnerabilityandexposuretohazards(deSherbinin2013).
Planned relocation inSIDS takes placewhen the state or other authority organises
there-settlementofcommunitiesoutofharm’sway,oftenbecauseofencroachment
by theocean (Charanet al. 2017). Stratford et al. (2013) explainhow theTuvaluan
word“Fenua”isusefulfordescribingtheconceptofplaceforcommunitiesinPacific
SIDS:
Asetofcustomarypracticesandterritorialmarkers,fenuacapturesthewaysinwhichPacific
community identity is usually linked to part of an island—such as a valley or bay—and
explains thebiographical locationof identity inplace.Fenuaisa termthat indistinguishably
bundles together community/people/places. (Stratfordet al. 2013:69)
Fenua therefore explains how culture and life itself is often inextricable from
the land, island or part of the island of a people and goes someway to explain-
ing the complexity inherent in relocations. Throughout the 20th century various
relocations took place within the Pacific region, many of which were unsuccess-
ful for not considering livelihoods or cultural differences (Connell 2012) and even
possibly contributing todeaths as peoplewere exposed tonewenvironmental risks
(Donner2015).Unsurprisingly,proposedrelocationshavebeenrejectedbythemov-
ingcommunity(TabucanonandOpeskin2011).Somepeoplearereticent tomoveas
potentialmigrants feel that theywill lose a link to their past and their very cultural
identity (Mortreaux andBarnettt 2009).As a result,moving fromhome can bring
feelings of grief and anxiety (Doherty andClayton 2011) and peoplemay stay in
objectively riskyareas (Oakesetal.2016).Somerecent relocationshavebeenmore
successful where processes are participatory and consideration is given to culture
and livelihoods (Tabucanon2012).Guidelinesofgoodpracticehavebeenproduced
to improve the experiences of those who relocate whichmay contribute to better
results for both relocating and host communities (Brookings andUNHCR2015),
therebyminimising lossesanddamages.
10.4.2 CyclonicStorms
Cyclonicstormsaffecttropicalandsubtropicalregions,intheAtlantic,Caribbeanand
North-EastPacificashurricanesandinNorth-WestPacificastyphoonsandtheSouth
Pacific and IndianOcean as cyclones. It is impossible to link a particular storm to
climatechange,andgloballywithincreasedtemperatures,lessstormscouldformdue
tochanges inwindshear(VecchiandSoden2007).Nonethelessclimatechangewill
likelyresult inhigherriskfromcyclonesthroughincreasedaverageseatemperatures
causingmore intenseandwetter stormsandsea-level risemagnifying the impactof
stormsurges—themainkiller incyclones (IPCC2012).Theseclimaticchangesare
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Title
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Subtitle
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Authors
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2019
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Size
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 580
- Keywords
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Categories
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima