Page - 252 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

252 A.Heslinet al. ing—bothtourbanareaswithin theirowncountriesandabroadParradoandCerrutti (2003).TheParaguayan case is particularly instructive, given thenation’s status as aparadigmofneoliberal governance in its post-dictatorship (NicksonandLambert 2002; Ezquerro-Cañete 2016).As the state’s “hands off” approach to both export- orientedagribusinessandmigrationhasallowedtheresultsofdeforestationtoaffect the nation’s social dynamics in away that is largely uninfluenced by regulation or legislation. Paraguayan campesinos overwhelmingly relocate to informal settlements in the nation’s three largest urban centres (Hetherington 2011; Reed 2015). These slum areas, known as bañados, are completelywithout the presence of the state—with dwellings havingno reliable access to power, nomailing addresses and complying with no legal building codes (Reed 2015; Cunningham et al. 2012). Despite the presenceofprivatelybuiltstreetsofvariousquality,thecommunitiesdonotappearon maps.Asindicatedbythenomenclature,bañadosarelocatedinfloodplains—leaving theresidents toevacuate topublicparksandstreetcornersonhighergroundintimes offlood (Hetherington2011).Althoughbañadoshavenopermanent infrastructure, residences are inhabitedmulti-generationally,with adults in 2017 livingwith their childreninthemostdesirablylocatedbañadohomesconstructedbythegrandparents as early as the 1930s.Although the familiesmaybeunderstood as displaced, their current homes are permanently in temporary spaces, and their government has no demonstrated intentionofchanging this reality. 10.5 Conclusions Asclimate change continues to put at risk the livelihoods and personal security of populations throughout the world, the movement of people internally and across international borderswill continue.Due to the numerous consequences of climate change and the ways climate change interacts with other environmental stressors and existing social structures, the pathways bywhich changes in climate displace populations differ greatly between places, overlapping in ways specific to a par- ticular locale. In this chapter, we outlined examples of these overlapping climate risks in locations includingPacificSmall IslandDevelopingStates,WestAfricaand theSouthernCone,highlighting thecomplex interactionsbetween theenvironment, natural resources, extremeweather, andsociety.With thepushofpopulationsaway from their homes through sea-level rise, cyclones, desertification, or other environ- mental change, we draw attention to theways inwhich displaced populations are receivedandthechallengestheyfaceinresettlement.Thispieceiscritical forunder- standing the losses and damages associatedwith dislocation, as risks to displaced populationsdonotendoncetheyhaveleft theirhomeland.Studiesofclimate-related displacementmustaddresswherepeoplemove toandhowthepolitical economyof the sending and receiving nations affects the capacity of migrants to resettle and succeedintheirnewcountry.Additionally, inconsideringfutureclimatechangeand its effects onpopulations,wemust also acknowledge that in the face of losses and