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15 UnderstandingLossandDamage inPacificSmall Island… 369
Table15.1 Loss&Damageconcepts applied to theSWPacific
Concept Definition Pacific—riskcontext Pacific—optionspace
Adaptation
constraint Impediment toprogress
adaptation,whichoftencan
beovercomebychanges in
operational andpolicy
instruments Lackofalignmentbetween
differentgovernance
structures, e.g. between
customarygovernanceand
Westminster systems; lack
ofcapacity inadaptation
expertise; lackof funding to
implement adaptation
actionse.g. community
projects,waterprojects Changes inoperational and
policy instrumentse.g.
closer alignmentof
customarygovernanceand
Westminster systems;
increasedadaptation
capacity;monitoringand
evaluationofadaptation
activities and ‘buildingback
better’
Adaptation
limit Inability to fulfilobjectives
andgoals (in linewith
intolerable risk space) Permanent lossofplaces
(atolls, coastal areas),
livelihoods (subsistence
farmingwithparticular
cropse.g. taro,yam); lossof
cultural items for
ceremonies (kava,palm
leaves) Relocationand resettlement
likelyaway fromthemost
hazardouscoastal areas;
changes in livelihood types
Avoidable
risk Risks,whichcanbe
avoided/reduceddue to the
implementationof
adaptationstrategies Higher temperatures;
changes in seasonsand
impactsoncropqualityand
timing→ impactson
culturalpracticesand
validityof traditional
knowledge Climate resilient crops;
increased investments in
coastalprotectionstrategies
(seawalls, ecosystem-based
adaptation); local/in-country
relocation; integrationof
traditionalknowledgeand
Western science
Avoided risk Risks,whichhavebeen
avoided/reducedby the
implementationof
adaptationstrategies Flood risks Warningsystems,building
styles, village location
Unavoidable
risk Risks,whichcannotbedealt
withdue to locked in
climatechange impacts Sea level rise; contamination
ofwater resources.
Increased riskof severe
cyclonesanddroughts
Tolerable risk Riskswhichcommunities
candealwithby
implementingstrategies Lowlevel sea level riseand
inundation; infrequent
stormsandstormsurge Buildingseawalls,
strengtheningbuilding
codes, investing inearly
warningsystems; changing
traditionalbuilding
techniques
Intolerable
risk Riskswhich (involuntarily)
force individuals and
communities to leave their
placesof livingor transform
their livelihoods Increasedhazards, leaving
atollsdue toconstant and/or
permanent inundation; loss
ofdrinkingwater resources;
lossof livelihoods The focus for low-lying
areas ison involuntary
relocation&resettlement. In
somecases, engineering&
structural approachesmight
bepossible; remittances
couldbeused inplaceof
local livelihoods
SourcesBasedonDowetal. (2013),Kleinetal. (2014),MechlerandSchinko(2016).Fordiscussionofmore
detaileddefinitions see the introductorychapterbyMechler et al. (2018)
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Title
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Subtitle
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Authors
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2019
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Size
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Pages
- 580
- Keywords
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Categories
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima